Homology-directed repair is a major double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells
Open accessAbstract
Mammalian cells have been presumed to repair potentially lethal chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) in large part by processes that do not require homology to the break site. This contrasts with Saccharomyces cerevisiae where the major DSB repair pathway is homologous recombination. Recently, it has been determined that DSBs in genomic DNA in mammalian cells can stimulate homologous recombination as much as 3 or 4 orders of magnitude, suggesting that homology-directed repair may play an important role in the repair of chromosomal breaks. To determine whether mammalian cells use recombinational repair at a significant level, we have analyzed the spectrum of repair events at a defined chromosomal break by using direct physical analysis of repair products. When an endonuclease-generated DSB is introduced into one of two direct repeats, homologous repair is found to account for 30–50% of observed repair events. Both noncrossover and deletional homologous repair products are detected, at approximately a 1:3 ratio. These results demonstrate the importance of homologous recombination in the repair of DSBs in mammalian cells. In the remaining observed repair events, DSBs are repaired by nonhomologous processes. The nonhomologous repair events generally result in small deletions or insertions at the break site, although a small fraction of events result in larger chromosomal rearrangements. Interestingly, in two insertions, GT repeats were integrated at one of the broken chromosome ends, suggesting that DSB repair can contribute to the spread of microsatellite sequences in mammalian genomes.
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HDR repairs double-strand breaks using a sister chromatid as a repair template and is considered an error-free system.
“Alternatively, the HDR pathway is capable of repairing DSBs using a sister chromatid as a repair template, and for this reason, it is considered an error‐free system.”
From CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Nucleofection for Genome Editing in Primary Human Keratinocytes: Knockouts, Deletions, and Homology‐Directed Repair Mutagenesis (2024) · cites this paper as Liang et al., 1998
The Discussion says sister chromatids can provide a homologous repair template. But the paper does not characterize HDR as uniformly error-free: the Abstract distinguishes conservative gene conversion from nonconservative repair and reports deletional homologous repair products. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Liang, F., Han, M., Romanienko, P. J., & Jasin, M.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jasin, Maria
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1998-04-28
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 5172-5177
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC20233
- OpenAlex
- W2168809955
- Cited by
- 649
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 15.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Cancer Society
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM54688)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Keywords
- homology-directed repair, DNA double-strand break repair, homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining, mammalian cells, chromosomal breaks, chromosomal rearrangements
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Gene Conversion, Cricetinae, Recombination, Genetic, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Restriction Mapping, CHO Cells, Sequence Deletion
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