Serine 129 Phosphorylation Reduces the Ability of α-Synuclein to Regulate Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Protein Phosphatase 2A in Vitro and in Vivo
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Alpha-synuclein (a-Syn), a protein implicated in Parkinson disease, contributes significantly to dopamine metabolism. a-Syn binding inhibits the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Phosphorylation of TH stimulates its activity, an effect that is reversed by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). In cells, a-Syn overexpression activates PP2A. Here we demonstrate that a-Syn significantly inhibited TH activity in vitro and in vivo and that phosphorylation of a-Syn serine 129 (Ser-129) modulated this effect. In MN9D cells, a-Syn overexpression reduced TH serine 19 phosphorylation (Ser(P)-19). In dopaminergic tissues from mice overexpressing human a-Syn in catecholamine neurons only, TH-Ser-19 and TH-Ser-40 phosphorylation and activity were also reduced, whereas PP2A was more active. Cerebellum, which lacks excess a-Syn, had PP2A activity identical to controls. Conversely, a-Syn knock-out mice had elevated TH-Ser-19 phosphorylation and activity and less active PP2A in dopaminergic tissues. Using an a-Syn Ser-129 dephosphorylation mimic, with serine mutated to alanine, TH was more inhibited, whereas PP2A was more active in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation of a-Syn Ser-129 by Polo-like-kinase 2 in vitro reduced the ability of a-Syn to inhibit TH or activate PP2A, identifying a novel regulatory role for Ser-129 on a-Syn. These findings extend our understanding of normal a-Syn biology and have implications for the dopamine dysfunction of Parkinson disease.
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Soluble α-synuclein physically interacts with TH and maintains the level of phosphorylated TH in a PP2A-dependent manner.
“α-synuclein in the soluble form physically interacts with TH and maintains the level of phosphorylated TH in a PP2A-dependent manner [114,115,116]”
From Degradation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease and Dopa-Responsive Dystonia (2020) · cites this paper as [115]
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Self-citationFauss, D., Motter, R. N., Dofiles, L., Rodrigues, M. A. V., You, M., Diep, L., Yang, Y., Seto, P., Tanaka, K., Baker, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.03.012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Deciphering the New Role of the Greatwall/PP2A Pathway in Cell Cycle Control
Lorca, T., & Castro, A. (2012) · Genes & Cancer · doi:10.1177/1947601912473478 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gong, S., Zhang, J., Guo, Z., & Fu, W. (2018) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s161748 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
RetractedFructuoso, M., Vermeiren, Y., Boluda, S., Stimmer, L., Crans, R. A. J., Xicota, L., Eisel, U., Ortí-Casañ, N., Bun, P., Duyckaerts, C. J., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70262 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Eteläinen, T. S., Kilpeläinen, T. P., Ignatius, A., Auno, S., Lorenzo, F. D., Uhari-Väänänen, J. K., Julku, U. H., & Myöhänen, T. T. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109213 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bao, X.-Q., Wu, L.-Y., Wang, X., Sun, H., & Zhang, D. (2015) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-015-1094-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yang, W., Wang, X., Liu, J., Duan, C., Gao, G., Lu, L., Yu, S., & Yang, H. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21554 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gil-Tommee, C., Vidal-Martínez, G., Reyes, C. A., Vargas‐Medrano, J., Herrera, G. V., Martin, S. M., Chaparro, S. A., & Perez, R. G. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.10.014 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial Signaling and Neurodegeneration
Picard, M. A., & McManus, M. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28637-2_5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Camp, S. M., Marciniak, A., Chiang, E. T., Garcia, A. N., Bittman, R., Polt, R. L., Perez, R. G., Dudek, S. M., & Garcia, J. G. N. (2020) · Pulmonary Circulation · doi:10.1177/2045894020905521 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationEnoru, J. O., Yang, B. C., Krishnamachari, S., Villanueva, E., DeMaio, W., Watanyar, A., Ramesh, C., Arterburn, J. B., & Perez, R. G. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162162 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSynuclein and Parkinson’s Disease: An Update
Jellinger, K. A. (2013) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849737357-00175 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Regulation of α‐synuclein expression in down syndrome
Ramakrishna, N., Meeker, H. C., Patel, S., Brown, T. W., & Idrissi, A. E. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23049 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Trophoblast glycoprotein is a new candidate gene for Parkinson’s disease
Park, S., Yoo, J., Yeon, G., Kim, J. H., Lee, J. S., Choi, S. K., Hwang, Y.-G., Park, C. W., Cho, M. S., Kim, J., et al. (2021) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00252-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lek, S., Vargas‐Medrano, J., Villanueva, E., Marcus, B. S., Godfrey, W. H., & Perez, R. G. (2017) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/55361 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationDon’t Take Away My P: Phosphatases as Therapeutic Targets in Huntington’s Disease
Saavedra, A., Alberch, J., & Pérez‐Navarro, E. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/30850 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Suárez, I., Bodega, G., Rubio, M., & Fernández, B. (2017) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-170728 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Walters, T., Wiah, S., Shekarabi, A., Milton, M., Reddy, S., Zhao, P., Mokkarala, P., Potula, R., & Rawls, S. M. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114646 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lou, H., Montoya, S. E., Alerte, T. N. M., Wang, J., Wu, J., Peng, X., Hong, C.-S., Friedrich, E. E., Mader, S. A., Pedersen, C. J., Marcus, B. S., McCormack, A. L., Di Monte, D. A., Daubner, S. C., & Perez, R. G.
- Affiliations
- Shandong University (CN)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center (US)
- St. Mary's University, Texas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Perez, Ruth G.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 285
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 17648-17661
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2878529
- OpenAlex
- W2084965902
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-47291, R01GM047291)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS42094, R01NS042094)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- alpha-synuclein, serine 129 phosphorylation, tyrosine hydroxylase, protein phosphatase 2A, Parkinson's disease, dopamine metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, PLK2, dopaminergic neurons, enzyme regulation, phosphorylation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dopamine, Humans, Mice, Transgenic, Parkinson Disease, Phosphorylation, Serine, Tyrosine, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Lentivirus, Mutagenesis, Neurotransmitter Agents, Mice, alpha-Synuclein, Protein Phosphatase 2, In Vitro Techniques
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