The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidence of negative energy balance using doubly labelled water in elite Kenyan endurance runners prior to competition
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies have found Kenyan endurance runners to be in negative energy balance during training and prior to competition. The aim of the present study was to assess energy balance in nine elite Kenyan endurance runners during heavy training. Energy intake and expenditure were determined over 7 d using weighed dietary intake and doubly labelled water, respectively. Athletes were on average in negative energy balance (mean energy intake 13 241 (SD 1330) kJ/d v. mean energy expenditure 14 611 (SD 1043) kJ/d; P=0.046), although there was no loss in body mass (mean 56.0 (SD 3.4) kg v. 55.7 (SD 3.6) kg; P=0.285). The calculation of underreporting was 13 % (range -24 to +9 %) and almost entirely accounted for by undereating (9 % (range -55 to +39 %)) as opposed to a lack of significant underrecording (i.e. total water intake was no different from water loss (mean 4.2 (SD 0.6) l/d v. 4.5 (SD 0.8) l/d; P=0.496)). Fluid intake was modest and consisted mainly of water (0.9 (SD 0.5) l/d) and milky tea (0.9 (SD 0.3) l/d). The diet was high in carbohydrate (67.3 (SD 7.8) %) and sufficient in protein (15.3 (SD 4.0) %) and fat (17.4 (SD 3.9) %). These results confirm previous observations that Kenyan runners are in negative energy balance during periods of intense training. A negative energy balance would result in a reduction in body mass, which, when combined with a high carbohydrate diet, would have the potential in the short term to enhance endurance running performance by reducing the energy cost of running.
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“there are consistent reports of low energy intakes relative to calculated or expected exercise energy expenditures in various groups of East African middle-and long-distance athletes (Fudge et al., 2006(Fudge et al., , 2008;;Onywera et al., 2004).”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Fudge et al., 2006
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“Although dietary surveys of Kenyan and Ethiopian runners have been limited to their home environments and training camps (Beis et al., 2011;Christensen et al., 2002;Fudge et al., 2006Fudge et al., , 2008;;Onywera et al., 2004)”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Fudge et al., 2006
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Cites
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Use of the doubly labeled water technique in humans during heavy sustained exercise
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Energy Needs of Masters Athletes
Byrne, N. M., & Hills, A. P. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17541-4
West, J., Schoene, R., Luks, A. M., & Milledge, J. S. (2012) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13633-31
Braun, B., & Miller, B. F. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420068160.ch1
Beis, L. Y., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05988-8_124
Commuting to high altitude for commercial and other activities
Milledge, J. S., West, J., & Schoene, R. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13371-32
A comparison of dietary acid load between team, endurance, and strength sports
Turnagöl, H. H., Aktitiz, S., Kuru, D., & Korur, D. C. (2022) · Revista chilena de nutrición · doi:10.4067/s0717-75182022000300309
Muramatsu, E., Adachi, M., Teramoto, K., & Igawa, S. (2023) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-023-00248-7
“Several previous studies have suggested the existence of energy deficiency and imbalance in athletes [2, 5, 6, 30].”
The Modern Concepts of Energy Balance and Energy Availability in Sports
Андреевна, Б. Е., & Lyudinina, A. Y. (2024) · Human Physiology · doi:10.31857/s0131164624060101
The Modern Concepts of Energy Balance and Energy Availability in Sports
Андреевна, Б. Е., & Lyudinina, A. Y. (2024) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119724701111
Aikawa, Y., Wakasugi, Y., Fukuyasu, T., Sasai, N., Yamashita, T., Ohtsuki, M., Hori, A., Kioka, K., Omi, N., Nakai, N., et al. (2025) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00978.2024
Taguchi, M., Ishizu, T., Goshozono, M., Moto, K., Miura, N., Endo, S., Yasuda, E., & Torii, S. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057251385372
“11 A negative EB indicates a low EI relative to the expended energy.”
Eating attitudes and behaviors characteristics in high-level Kenyan female and male distance runners
Õnnik, L., Mooses, M., Suvi, S., Haile, D. W., Ojiambo, R. M., Lane, A. R., & Hackney, A. C. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1756302
“Relative to East African runners there are several reports available about aspects of their energy expenditure as well as dietary composition (i.e., macro-and micro-nutrients) (5, 7–9).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Fudge, B. W., Westerterp, K. R., Kiplamai, F. K., Onywera, V. O., Boit, M. K., Kayser, B., & Pitsiladis, Y. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Kenyatta University (KE)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Pitsiladis, Yannis P.
- Venue
- British Journal Of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-66
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2142836014
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Kenyatta University Institutional Repository (Kenyatta University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- negative energy balance, endurance runners, energy intake, energy expenditure, fluid intake, dietary carbohydrates, body mass, Kenyan athletes, training duration, endurance running performance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Altitude, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Drinking, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Kenya, Physical Endurance, Running, Body Mass Index
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