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Evidence of negative energy balance using doubly labelled water in elite Kenyan endurance runners prior to competition
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies have found Kenyan endurance runners to be in negative energy balance during training and prior to competition. The aim of the present study was to assess energy balance in nine elite Kenyan endurance runners during heavy training. Energy intake and expenditure were determined over 7 d using weighed dietary intake and doubly labelled water, respectively. Athletes were on average in negative energy balance (mean energy intake 13 241 (SD 1330) kJ/d v. mean energy expenditure 14 611 (SD 1043) kJ/d; P=0.046), although there was no loss in body mass (mean 56.0 (SD 3.4) kg v. 55.7 (SD 3.6) kg; P=0.285). The calculation of underreporting was 13 % (range -24 to +9 %) and almost entirely accounted for by undereating (9 % (range -55 to +39 %)) as opposed to a lack of significant underrecording (i.e. total water intake was no different from water loss (mean 4.2 (SD 0.6) l/d v. 4.5 (SD 0.8) l/d; P=0.496)). Fluid intake was modest and consisted mainly of water (0.9 (SD 0.5) l/d) and milky tea (0.9 (SD 0.3) l/d). The diet was high in carbohydrate (67.3 (SD 7.8) %) and sufficient in protein (15.3 (SD 4.0) %) and fat (17.4 (SD 3.9) %). These results confirm previous observations that Kenyan runners are in negative energy balance during periods of intense training. A negative energy balance would result in a reduction in body mass, which, when combined with a high carbohydrate diet, would have the potential in the short term to enhance endurance running performance by reducing the energy cost of running.
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“there are consistent reports of low energy intakes relative to calculated or expected exercise energy expenditures in various groups of East African middle-and long-distance athletes (Fudge et al., 2006(Fudge et al., , 2008;;Onywera et al., 2004).”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Fudge et al., 2006
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“Although dietary surveys of Kenyan and Ethiopian runners have been limited to their home environments and training camps (Beis et al., 2011;Christensen et al., 2002;Fudge et al., 2006Fudge et al., , 2008;;Onywera et al., 2004)”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Fudge et al., 2006
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialAreta, J. L., Taylor, H. L., & Koehler, K. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0 · Cited by 214
“This assumption is also supported by field observations of endurance athletes with signs of acute and chronic low energy availability showing high capacity of aerobic performance (Areta et al. 2020; Fudge et al. 2006; Stellingwerff 2018) as well as comparable maximal aerobic capacity between normal athletes and those…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fudge, B. W., Westerterp, K. R., Kiplamai, F. K., Onywera, V. O., Boit, M. K., Kayser, B., & Pitsiladis, Y. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Kenyatta University (KE)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Pitsiladis, Yannis P.
- Venue
- British Journal Of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-66
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2142836014
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Kenyatta University Institutional Repository (Kenyatta University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- negative energy balance, endurance runners, energy intake, energy expenditure, fluid intake, dietary carbohydrates, body mass, Kenyan athletes, training duration, endurance running performance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Altitude, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Drinking, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Kenya, Physical Endurance, Running, Body Mass Index
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