The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidence of negative energy balance using doubly labelled water in elite Kenyan endurance runners prior to competition
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies have found Kenyan endurance runners to be in negative energy balance during training and prior to competition. The aim of the present study was to assess energy balance in nine elite Kenyan endurance runners during heavy training. Energy intake and expenditure were determined over 7 d using weighed dietary intake and doubly labelled water, respectively. Athletes were on average in negative energy balance (mean energy intake 13 241 (SD 1330) kJ/d v. mean energy expenditure 14 611 (SD 1043) kJ/d; P=0.046), although there was no loss in body mass (mean 56.0 (SD 3.4) kg v. 55.7 (SD 3.6) kg; P=0.285). The calculation of underreporting was 13 % (range -24 to +9 %) and almost entirely accounted for by undereating (9 % (range -55 to +39 %)) as opposed to a lack of significant underrecording (i.e. total water intake was no different from water loss (mean 4.2 (SD 0.6) l/d v. 4.5 (SD 0.8) l/d; P=0.496)). Fluid intake was modest and consisted mainly of water (0.9 (SD 0.5) l/d) and milky tea (0.9 (SD 0.3) l/d). The diet was high in carbohydrate (67.3 (SD 7.8) %) and sufficient in protein (15.3 (SD 4.0) %) and fat (17.4 (SD 3.9) %). These results confirm previous observations that Kenyan runners are in negative energy balance during periods of intense training. A negative energy balance would result in a reduction in body mass, which, when combined with a high carbohydrate diet, would have the potential in the short term to enhance endurance running performance by reducing the energy cost of running.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“there are consistent reports of low energy intakes relative to calculated or expected exercise energy expenditures in various groups of East African middle-and long-distance athletes (Fudge et al., 2006(Fudge et al., , 2008;;Onywera et al., 2004).”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Fudge et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Although dietary surveys of Kenyan and Ethiopian runners have been limited to their home environments and training camps (Beis et al., 2011;Christensen et al., 2002;Fudge et al., 2006Fudge et al., , 2008;;Onywera et al., 2004)”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Fudge et al., 2006
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities
AINSWORTH, B. E., HASKELL, W. L., WHITT, M. C., IRWIN, M. L., SWARTZ, A. M., STRATH, S. J., O???BRIEN, W. L., BASSETT, D. R., SCHMITZ, K. H., EMPLAINCOURT, P. O., et al. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009 · Cited by 8,497
Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. accelerometer
FREEDSON, P. S., MELANSON, E., & SIRARD, J. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199805000-00021 · Cited by 3,825
Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work.
Wn, S. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 2,955
(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 705
Noakes, T. D. (2000) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010003123.x · Cited by 521
King, N. A., Burley, V. J., & Blundell, J. E. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 327
Blundell, J. E., Stubbs, R. J., Hughes, D. A., Whybrow, S., & King, N. A. (2003) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2003286 · Cited by 309
Use of the doubly labeled water technique in humans during heavy sustained exercise
Westerterp, K. R., Saris, W. H. M., van Es, M., & ten Hoor, F. (1986) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1986.61.6.2162 · Cited by 264
Mind versus metabolism in the control of food intake and energy balance
Berthoud, H. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.034 · Cited by 259
Saltin, B., Larsen, H., Terrados, N., Bangsbo, J., Bak, T. S., Kim, C. K., Svedenhag, J., & Rolf, C. (1995) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00037.x · Cited by 256
Joint position statement: nutrition and athletic performance
(2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.110310_2.x · Cited by 253
Effect of Limb Mass and its Distribution on the Energetic Cost of Running
Myers, M. J., & Steudel, K. L. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.116.1.363 · Cited by 228
Kenyan dominance in distance running
Larsen, H. B. (2003) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00227-7 · Cited by 224
Energy intake, physical activity and body weight: a simulation model
Westerterp, K. R., Donkers, J. H. H. L. M., Fredrix, E. W. H. M., & oekhoudt, P. (1995) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19950037 · Cited by 202
Superior performance of African runners in warm humid but not in cool environmental conditions
Marino, F. E., Lambert, M., & Noakes, T. D. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00582.2003 · Cited by 170
Advantages of smaller body mass during distance running in warm, humid environments
Marino, F. E., Mbambo, Z. H., Kortekaas, E., Wilson, G., Lambert, M., Noakes, T. D., & Dennis, S. C. (2000) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004240000432 · Cited by 151
Alterations in energy balance with exercise
Westerterp, K. R. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.4.970s · Cited by 135
Underreporting of Habitual Food Intake Is Explained by Undereating in Highly Motivated Lean Women
Goris, A. H. C., & Westerterp, K. R. (1999) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/129.4.878 · Cited by 131
Energy balance in highly trained female endurance runners
Edwards, J. E., Lindeman, A. K., Mikesky, A. E., & Stager, J. M. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199312000-00014 · Cited by 129
Overconsumption of fluids by athletes
Noakes, T. D. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7407.113 · Cited by 116
Food and macronutrient intake of elite Kenyan distance runners
Onywera, V. O., Kiplamai, F. K., Tuitoek, P. J., Boit, M. K., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2004) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.6.709 · Cited by 111
National food composition tables and the planning of satisfactory diets in Kenya
Sehmi, J. (1993) · Govt. Printer eBooks · Cited by 92
Validation of the deuterium oxide method for measuring average daily milk intake in infants
Fjeld, C., Brown, K., & Schoeller, D. (1988) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.3.671 · Cited by 90
Larsen, H. B., Christensen, D. L., Nolan, T., & Søndergaard, H. (2004) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460410001663416 · Cited by 77
The energy cost of women walking and running in shoes and boots∗
Jones, B. H., Knapik, J. J., DANIELS, W. L., & Toner, M. M. (1986) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138608968277 · Cited by 76
Diets of Elite Athletes: Has the Discipline of Sports Nutrition Made an Impact?
Grandjean, A. C. (1997) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.874s · Cited by 71
The Tour de France: a physiological review
Lucía, A., Earnest, C. P., & Arribas, C. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.00345.x · Cited by 66
Measuring intake in free-living human subjects: a question of bias
Lissner, L., Heitmann, B. L., & Lindroos, A. K. (1998) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19980048 · Cited by 58
The dominance of Kenyans in distance running
Pitsiladis, Y. P., Onywera, V. O., Geogiades, E., O'Connell, W., & Boit, M. K. (2004) · Equine and comparative exercise physiology · doi:10.1079/ecp200433 · Cited by 45
Food and macronutrient intake of male adolescent Kalenjin runners in Kenya
Christensen, D. L., van Hall, G., & Hambræus, L. (2002) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002728 · Cited by 35
Development and testing of a carbohydrate monitoring tool for athletes
Moses, K., & Manore, M. M. (1991) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)01269-4 · Cited by 12
Nutrition and Body Build: A Kenyan Review1
Mukeshi, M., & Thairu, K. (2015) · World review of nutrition and dietetics · doi:10.1159/000422341 · Cited by 11
Train Hard, Win Easy: The Kenyan Way
Tanser, T. (1997) · Open PRAIRIE (South Dakota State University) · Cited by 11
Cited by
Sorted by citations
ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations
Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J. N., Galvan, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y · Cited by 945
Energy availability in athletes
Loucks, A. B., Kiens, B., & Wright, H. H. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.588958 · Cited by 513
Correlation of MRI Grading of Bone Stress Injuries With Clinical Risk Factors and Return to Play
Nattiv, A., Kennedy, G., Barrack, M. T., Abdelkerim, A., Goolsby, M. A., Arends, J. C., & Seeger, L. L. (2013) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546513490645 · Cited by 285
“Long-distance runners are at a higher risk of sustaining stress injuries to bone as a result of their high training volume (and thus increased exposure of bone to repeated stress), potential biomechanical imbalances (such as pes planus, leg length discrepancy, or increased Q angle),(19,54) and risk of undernutrition.(…”
BackgroundValidity of Dietary Assessment in Athletes: A Systematic Review
Capling, L., Beck, K. L., Gifford, J. A., Slater, G., Flood, V. M., & O'Connor, H. T. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121313 · Cited by 272
“%) in elite Kenyan runners to under-eating, resulting in a negative energy balance during a period of intense training.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAreta, J. L., Taylor, H. L., & Koehler, K. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0 · Cited by 214
“This assumption is also supported by field observations of endurance athletes with signs of acute and chronic low energy availability showing high capacity of aerobic performance (Areta et al. 2020; Fudge et al. 2006; Stellingwerff 2018) as well as comparable maximal aerobic capacity between normal athletes and those…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Fudge, B. W., Westerterp, K. R., Kiplamai, F. K., Onywera, V. O., Boit, M. K., Kayser, B., & Pitsiladis, Y. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Kenyatta University (KE)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Pitsiladis, Yannis P.
- Venue
- British Journal Of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-66
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2142836014
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Kenyatta University Institutional Repository (Kenyatta University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- negative energy balance, endurance runners, energy intake, energy expenditure, fluid intake, dietary carbohydrates, body mass, Kenyan athletes, training duration, endurance running performance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Altitude, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Drinking, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Kenya, Physical Endurance, Running, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
