The impact of Bayesian chronologies on the British Iron Age
Open accessAbstract
Radiocarbon dating was long neglected in Iron Age research, with dates on the ‘Hallstatt plateau’ (800–400 bc) considered too broad to be useful compared to artefact typo-chronologies. Such views are now untenable. Around fifty British Iron Age settlements and cemeteries have been dated using Bayesian methodologies, yielding two important general results: (1) typological dating produces sequences that are regularly too late; and (2) many phenomena, from chariot burials to settlement shifts, represent brief horizons, rather than being long lived. Drawing on a selection of studies, this article explores the impact of Bayesian modelling on British Iron Age studies. It highlights potential pitfalls and issues that must be considered when dating the period, illustrates some major successes and looks to the future.
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The Hallstatt plateau (ca. 800-400 BC) has been problematic for resolving 14C dating chronologies during a critical period in European prehistorical technological developments without adequate stratigraphic control.
“The Hallstatt plateau (ca. 800 -400 BC), one of the largest flatter regions in the calibration curve, has been problematic for resolving 14 C dating chronologies during a critical period in prehistorical technological developments in Europe and elsewhere without adequate stratigraphic control (Hamilton et al. 2015).”
From The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP) (2020) · cites this paper as Hamilton et al. 2015
“The case for avoidance” identifies the Hallstatt plateau at approximately 800–400 BC and explains how its flat calibration curve spreads the probability of radiocarbon dates, making Iron Age chronologies difficult to resolve. “Reinterpretation and the development of new site-based chronologies” says that phases on the plateau can be dated where adequate stratigraphic controls exist. The paper focuses on the British Iron Age; it does not establish the broader characterization of this interval as a critical period of technological development across Europe and elsewhere. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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- Authors
- Hamilton, W. D., Haselgrove, C., & Gosden, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hamilton, William Derek
- Haselgrove, Colin
- Gosden, Chris
- ORCID
- Gosden, Chris
- Venue
- World Archaeology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-06-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 642-660
- ISSN
- 0043-8243 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-1375
- OpenAlex
- W1616934657
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 5.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- World Archaeology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Leicester
- Arts and Humanities Research Board
- Arts and Humanities Research Council
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Archaeological and Geological Studies
- Keywords
- British Iron Age, Hallstatt period, Bayesian chronology, radiocarbon dating, typological dating, chariot burials, cemeteries, Iron Age settlement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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