Problems of Dating Spread on Radiocarbon Calibration Curve Plateaus: The 1620–1540 BC Example and the Dating of the Therasia Olive Shrub Samples and Thera Volcanic Eruption

May combine two claims.

In the absence of cases where longer sequences defined in calendar terms can be incorporated, the only approaches to achieve dating that avoid plateau spread are to add one or two forms of additional informative (constraining) prior information: (i) an association with the period before/after the plateau where dating is thus better constrained through stratigraphic, known-sequence or typological信息

“the only approaches to achieve dating that avoid “plateau spread” (where the ambiguities become cumulative, rather than being eliminated/resolved) is to add one or two forms of additional informative (constraining) prior information”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “(i) an association with the period before/after the plateau where dating is thus better constrained through stratigraphic, known-sequence (e.g. tree-ring series) or typological information, and/or (ii) prior knowledge of total sequence length and/or of any intra-sequence associations”

• cites Waddington et al. 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Meadows et al. 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion says that valid prior information pertinent to both the order and duration of events is needed for accurate, unimodal dates on a calibration plateau. The ‘Varying the Prior Information’ section reports that the preferred model uses stratigraphic and kinship constraints. The paper does not establish that one form of prior information alone suffices, or identify typological association with a period before or after the plateau as an approach. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Manning et al. 2020aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The evidence for a TAQ comprises (i) dating of earliest attested contexts where Thera eruption products (pumice) are present (likely from craft use) at Tell el-'Ajjul and Tell el-Dab'a; (ii) a date that offers a TAQ for a Thera-associated tsunami at Malia in Crete; or (iii) dating of archaeological contexts representing material culture phases known stratigraphically to be subsequent to the Thera

“This evidence either comprises (i) dating of the earliest attested contexts where there are Thera eruption products (pumice) present (likely from craft use): Tell el-‘Ajjul in the southern Levant (Fischer Reference Fischer2009) and Tell el-Dab‘a in the Nile Delta (Kutschera et al. Reference Kutschera, Bietak, Wild, Bronk Ramsey, Dee, Golser, Kopetzky, Stadler, Steier, Thanheiser and Weninger2012),”

• cites Fischer 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kutschera et al. 2012 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 3 atoms — 1 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Lespez et al. 2021 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 3 atoms — 1 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The example OxCal code in Pearson et al. (2023) indicates no use of Boundaries around the sequences.

“First, the example OxCal code (Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023: Supplementary Information, M3) indicates no use of Boundaries around the sequences.”

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The no-boundaries model reports a median calendar years difference between inner and outer segments of 35 years for sample 88-3, while the model using boundaries reports a median of 20 years.

“But the “no boundaries model” reports a calendar years difference comparing the dating probabilities for the inner and outer segments with a median value of 35 years, contrasted with the model using boundaries which reports a difference with a median of 20 years: Table 1.”

May combine two claims.

A re-analysis adding some plausible informative priors offers a substantially better defined likely dating range and different conclusions.

“A re-analysis adding some plausible informative priors offers a substantially better defined likely dating range and different conclusions.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The informative priors used in the re-analysis are appropriate and plausible.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Using no Boundaries in the OxCal models leads consistently to slightly differing and overall slightly less well-defined dating probabilities for the ordered sequences compared to models with Boundaries.

“While a relatively minor to negligible issue here, in each case this leads consistently to slightly differing and overall slightly less well-defined dating probabilities for the ordered sequences (especially if we compare results from Difference queries describing the calendar years period between first and last dates for each sample comparing the no-Boundaries versus with-Boundaries models for”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cases where the length of the "ante" in the TAQ should be rather longer, such as the late/end LMIB datasets, offer slightly later age ranges.

“Those cases where the length of the “ante” in the TAQ should be rather longer (like the late/end LMIB datasets) offer slightly later age ranges.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The Therasia olive samples offer such a case (of dating samples with limited members and overall length corresponding with a plateau).

“The Therasia olive samples offer such a case.”

May combine two claims.

These point to 68.3% hpd ranges (overall) from 1612-1592 BC and 95.4% hpd ranges from 1617-1571 BC.

“These point to 68.3% hpd ranges (overall) from 1612–1592 BC and 95.4% hpd ranges from 1617–1571 BC.”

May combine two claims.

Models including an exploratory possible additional Arizona Laboratory offset allowance yield the latest date ranges but largely indicate consonant findings.

“The models including an exploratory possible additional Arizona Laboratory offset allowance yield the latest date ranges but nonetheless largely indicate consonant findings”

May combine two claims.

Although the mid-16th century BC can offer a fit for the more recent 14C ages, the older values (e.g., >3340 14C years BP) progressively offer less successful fits.

“In contrast, although the mid-16th century BC can offer a fit for the more recent 14C ages, the older values, e.g. those >3340 14C years BP, progressively offer less successful fits.”

May combine two claims.

In each case (using LnN time constraint from Model A with curve resolutions of 5 years and 1 year), the data conform well with the prior, and the modeled calendar probabilities are very similar to the ranges identified in the other models reported in Figures 2-4 and Table 2.

“In each case the data conform well with the prior, and the modeled calendar probabilities are very similar to the ranges identified in the other models reported in Figures 2-4 (and Figures S1-S4 in the Supplementary Materials) and Table 2.”

May combine two claims.

The two OxCal models (Model ATOr1+2/3 with very short and short interval priors) both provide strong cases for a date range for the Thera eruption of 1613-1602 BC at 68.3% hpd and 1618-1584 BC at 95.4% hpd.

“These models both provide strong cases for a date range (68.3% hpd highest/lowest dates) 1613–1602 BC (1618–1584 BC at 95.4% hpd).”

May combine two claims.

If appropriate prior temporal constraints are applied, the Therasia olive shrub data, whether alone or combined with the previous Thera olive data, and both combined with the data on short-lived samples from the stages 2/3 abandonment of Akrotiri, all coherently point to a most likely calendar age range from the very late 17th century BC to early 16th century BC, probably distinct from the mid-16h

“In contrast, if appropriate prior temporal constraints are applied, the Therasia olive shrub data, whether alone, or combined also with the previous Thera olive data, and both of these combined with the data on short-lived samples from the stages 2/3 abandonment of the Akrotiri archaeological site shortly prior to the Thera eruption, all coherently point to a most likely calendar age range from”

May combine two claims.

The 1964 δ13C record has a largely symmetrical shape and mid-year peak as does 1965, directly contrary to the claimed very different growth periods from the radiocarbon 'matching' stated in Raj et al. (2023a).

“For example, the 1964 δ13C record seems to have a largely symmetical shape and mid-year peak as does 1965, directly contrary to the claimed very different claimed growth periods from the radiocarbon ‘matching’ stated in Raj et al. (Reference Raj, Regev and Boaretto2023a).”

• cites Raj et al. Reference Raj, Regev and Boaretto2023aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The stable isotope record from the same olive wood sample exhibits a spring (start) to a summer or later peak to fall/winter (end) δ13C signal for each year and thus demonstrates photosynthesis and growth each year and across the later spring through autumn, not only at the different partial periods reported in Raj et al. (2023b).

“This stable isotope record seems to exhibit a spring (start) to a summer or later peak to fall/winter (end) δ13C signal for each year and thus demonstrates photosynthesis and growth each year and across the later spring through autumn and not only at the different partial periods reported in Raj et al. (Reference Raj, Ehrlich, Regev, Mintz and Boaretto2023b).”

• cites Ehrlich et al. Reference Ehrlich, Regev and Boaretto2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Raj et al. Reference Raj, Ehrlich, Regev, Mintz and Boaretto2023bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the absence of such forms of additional constraints, sequences of dates on a plateau will end up defining too wide a calendar age range and will likely end up suggesting dating probability that is either too old or too recent.

“In the absence of such forms of additional constraints, sequences of dates on a plateau will end up defining too wide a calendar age range and will likely end up suggesting dating probability that is either too old or too recent.”

May combine two claims.

All the sample sequences end close to or at outermost growth increments or bark, and the samples are all argued to have been killed by the Thera volcanic eruption.

“Third, all the sample sequences end close to or at outermost growth increments or bark (intact juvenile bark in the case of sample 88-3) and the samples are all argued to have been killed by the Thera volcanic eruption (Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023), similar to the previous case of an olive tree branch found on Thera itself (Friedrich et al. Reference F”

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Friedrich et al. Reference Friedrich, Kromer, Friedrich, Heinemeier, Pfeiffer and Talamo2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Friedrich et al. Reference Friedrich, Kromer, Friedrich, Heinemeier, Pfeiffer and Talamo2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The recent publication of radiocarbon dates from four samples of olive wood from different pieces of the same olive shrub from Therasia in the southern Aegean offers a good case study that highlights the problems associated with plateau spread for radiocarbon dating and an opportunity to address this issue.

“The recent publication of radiocarbon dates offering sequences (inner to outer growth segments) from four samples of olive wood from different pieces of the same olive shrub from Therasia in the southern Aegean (Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023; for the archaeological context of the olive shrub, see also Sbonias et al. Reference Sbonias, Tzachili, Efstathiou, Paly”

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sbonias et al. Reference Sbonias, Tzachili, Efstathiou, Palyvou, Athanasiou, Farinetti and Moullou2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The topic of dating across plateaus on the radiocarbon calibration curve applies generally and specifically to the debate over narrowing the dating range of the mid-second millennium BC Thera eruption.

“The topic applies generally to dating across plateaus on the radiocarbon calibration curve, and specifically to current debate trying to narrow the dating range of the massive mid-second millennium BC eruption of the Thera (Santorini) volcano in the southern Aegean (Supplementary Material, Figure S1).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Informative priors act to restrict the otherwise poorly controlled spread of probability across plateaus.

“Where possible, modeling analysis should seek to identify informative priors that act to restrict the otherwise poorly controlled spread of probability across plateaus.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Additional information for constraining dating may be available from the stratigraphy, the context, or the samples themselves.

“Such additional information may be available, among other sources, from the stratigraphy, the context, or the samples themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sample 88-3 is stated to be an 8 mm round wood shoot with ca. 3-10 growth bands.

“A particular instance is sample 88-3, stated to be an 8 mm round wood shoot with ca. 3–10 growth bands (Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023: Fig. 2a, Table 2).”

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In Pearson et al. (2023), the four olive branch samples 88-3, 88-2, 88-1 and 72-2 are each considered as separate sequences from inner growth to outer growth (or bark) segments in OxCal, and conclusions are drawn from the modeled age ranges of the last (outer) growth segments, which are argued to be associated with the Minoan eruption of Thera.

“In the Pearson et al. (Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023) paper the four olive branch samples, 88-3, 88-2, 88-1 and 72-2, are each considered as separate sequences, from inner growth to outer growth (or bark) segments in OxCal, and conclusions are drawn from the modeled age ranges of the last (outer) growth segments—argued to be associated with (killed by), and so relevant to,”

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Thera eruption is placed in the late Late Cycladic (LC) I or late Late Minoan (LM) IA or late Late Helladic (LH) I cultural periods.

“which is placed in the late Late Cycladic (LC) I or late Late Minoan (LM) IA or late Late Helladic (LH) I cultural periods”

• cites Warren and Hankey 1989Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Driessen and Macdonald 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Manning 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The IntCal20 radiocarbon calibration curve is now extremely well-defined by a very large dataset from several laboratory measurement programs for the relevant period 1700-1500 BC.

“the IntCal20 radiocarbon calibration curve (Reimer et al. Reference Reimer2020)—which is now extremely well-defined by a very large dataset from several laboratory measurement programs for the relevant period 1700–1500 BC”

• cites Reimer et al. Reference Reimer2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The growing circumstances and timing of radiocarbon incorporation into Anatolian juniper wood and Therasia olive wood are not common.

“What is not common is the growing circumstances and thus timing of the incorporation of radiocarbon into the respective wood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The extent to which this evidence is a TAQ varies.

“The extent to which this evidence is a TAQ varies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The short-lived samples from late/end of LMIB destructions on Crete are inherently some time after the Thera eruption.

“The short-lived samples from late/end of LMIB destructions on Crete are inherently some time after the Thera eruption.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is a 13.7 ± 2 14C years offset between a time-series of measurements on juniper from the central Anatolian plateau run at Arizona versus IntCal20.

“Pearson et al. observe that there is a 13.7 ± 2 14C years offset between a time-series of measurements on juniper from the central Anatolian plateau run at Arizona versus IntCal20.”

• cites Pearson et al. (Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The overall calendar time period involved across the Phase of outer dates must be short (likely a few growth increments and so at most a few years).

“Further, the overall calendar time period involved across the Phase of outer dates must be short (likely a few growth increments and so at most a few years).”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The outer/bark ages can be modeled as a Phase with an exponential distribution towards the end of the Phase, with the Boundary following this Phase representing the date of the Thera volcanic eruption.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Thera eruption is regarded as a key cultural marker horizon for the Aegean and East Mediterranean region, and its impacts on the Aegean and Minoan civilization have been much discussed.

“This eruption is regarded as a key cultural marker horizon for the Aegean and East Mediterranean region, and its direct and indirect impacts on the Aegean region and the Minoan civilization of the nearby island of Crete have been much discussed (Driessen and Macdonald Reference Driessen and Macdonald1997; Manning Reference Manning1999; Warburton Reference Warburton2009; Bietak and Höflmayer 2007;”

• cites Driessen and Macdonald Reference Driessen and Macdonald1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Manning Reference Manning1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

All outer dates should set very close terminus post quem (TPQ) estimates for the date for the eruption (probably within at most ca. 2 years) and also, as a set of such associations, offer an additional prior for the models.

“All should thus set very close terminus post quem (TPQ) estimates for the date for the eruption (probably within at most ca. 2 years) and also, as a set of such associations, offer an additional prior for our models.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The outer/bark ages can be modeled as a Phase with an exponential distribution towards the end of the Phase, with the Boundary following this Phase representing the date of the Thera volcanic eruption.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Given this time period appears to represent only 0-2 growth bands, it likely represents no more than about 2 years.

“Given this time period appears to represent only 0–2 growth bands, it likely represents no more than about 2 years; hence a very conservative choice would be (×10) a uniform prior between 0 and 20 years, and this is used in Models denoted with the addition of _20.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The outer/bark ages can be modeled as a Phase with an exponential distribution towards the end of the Phase, with the Boundary following this Phase representing the date of the Thera volcanic eruption.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

A more appropriate alternative to the fixed limits of the uniform prior is to use a suitable LnN distribution to capture the assumption that we expect all the outermost Therasia olive shrub samples to date within a very similar period of just a couple of years, but without a hard upper limit if in fact the data themselves indicate a longer duration than expected.

“perhaps a more appropriate alternative to the fixed limits of the uniform prior is instead to use a suitable LnN distribution to capture the assumption that we expect all the outermost Therasia olive shrub samples to date within a very similar period of just a couple of years, but without a hard upper limit if in fact the data themselves indicate a longer duration than expected.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: All the outermost Therasia olive shrub samples date within a very similar period of just a couple of years.

May combine two claims.

These short-lived samples represent the most recent harvest, or perhaps the previous one, and probably not much longer (0-2 years window, excepting any possible residual material), and thus offer a date very close to the abandonment episode.

“Normal traditional agricultural practice and the evidence of food storage pests would suggest that these samples represent the most recent harvest, or perhaps the previous one, and probably not much longer (e.g. 0–2 years window, excepting any possible residual material) and thus offer a date very close to this abandonment episode (Sarpaki Reference Sarpaki1992; Panagiotakopulu et al. Reference”

• cites Sarpaki Reference Sarpaki1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Panagiotakopulu et al. Reference Panagiotakopulu, Higham, Sarpaki, Buckland and Doumas2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Manning Reference Manning2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The later 17th century BC alone offers a successful good placement for all the data and is compatible with a plausible total calendar span for each sample Sequence and with the assumption that all the outer/bark dates fall within a relatively similar period (constraint uniform probability range 0-20 years).

“The later 17th century BC alone offers a successful good placement for all the data and is compatible with a plausible total calendar span for each sample Sequence and with the assumption that all the outer/bark dates fall within a relatively similar period (here the constraint is a uniform probability range of 0–20 years).”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: All the outer/bark dates from the Therasia olive samples fall within a relatively similar period (a few years).

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Olives have been stated to be problematic for dendrochronology as no regular, annual growth increment can be recognized in many cases, and instead intra-annual density fluctuations are observed or anticipated.

“Hence olives have been stated to be problematic for dendrochronology as no regular, annual, growth increment can be recognized in many cases, and instead intra-annual density fluctuations are observed or anticipated (Cherubini et al. Reference Cherubini, Gartner, Tognetti, Bräker, Schoch and Innes2003, Reference Cherubini, Humbel, Beeckman, Gärtner, Mannes, Pearson, Schoch, Tognetti and Lev-Yadun”

• cites Cherubini et al. Reference Cherubini, Gartner, Tognetti, Bräker, Schoch and Innes2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Cherubini et al. Reference Cherubini, Humbel, Beeckman, Gärtner, Mannes, Pearson, Schoch, Tognetti and Lev-Yadun2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kuniholm Reference Kuniholm2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Adding any additional offset correction appears inappropriate and only creates a likely strong bias.

“Adding any additional offset correction therefore appears inappropriate and only creates a likely strong bias.”

May combine two claims.

It is likely that the growth bands recognized in the Therasia olive wood constitute a total maximum age for a complete stem, because some to many (50% or more) of the growth bands observed are in all probability intra-annual density fluctuations and not solely annual increments, and hence the real calendar ages are less than the total number of observed growth bands, perhaps likely somewhere между

“The sum of these observations is that it is likely that the growth bands recognized in the Therasia olive wood constitute a total maximum age for a (complete) stem: since some to many (50% or more) of the growth bands observed are in all probability in fact intra-annual density fluctuations (and not solely annual increments), and hence the real calendar ages are less than the total number of”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It remains a possibility that Thera is not presently recognized in the ice-core records.

“although it nonetheless remains a possibility that, for various reasons, Thera is not presently recognized in these ice-core records.”

May combine two claims.

The eruption V7 dated 1538 BC is clearly well outside all the 95.4% date ranges in Table 2 and thus is not considered as plausible.

“(the eruption V7 dated 1538 BC is clearly well outside all the 95.4% date ranges in Table 2 and thus is not considered as plausible).”

The quote only partly states this claim.

This is a conspicuous difference, basically about half a century, compared to Pearson et al.'s mid-16th century BC date.

“This is a conspicuous difference, basically about half a century, and highlights the need to be very aware of “plateau spread” where applicable”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Increasing the kIterations value from the default x100 to 3000 and to x1000 (to 30000) for the DR runs ensured good convergence in each model run reported.

“To ensure good convergence in each model run reported, the kIterations value was increased from the default x100 (to 3000) and to x1000 (to 30000) for the DR runs reported (see below).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The constraint on the time constant is a key issue, illustrated in a test considering uniform prior values of 0-5, 0-10, 0-20, 0-30 and 0-50 years and no time constant at all.

“The constraint on the time constant is a key issue, illustrated in a test considering uniform prior values of 0–5, 0–10, 0–20, 0–30 and 0–50 years and no time constant at all (see Discussion).”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The outer/bark ages can be modeled as a Phase with an exponential distribution towards the end of the Phase, with the Boundary following this Phase representing the date of the Thera volcanic eruption.

May combine two claims.

The LHIIA or LHII data indicate dating evidence for parts of the LHIIA and LHII periods and again do not indicate the start of the LHIIA period.

“The LHIIA or LHII data indicate dating evidence for parts of the LHIIA and LHII periods and again do not indicate the start of the LHIIA period.”

May combine two claims.

When considering a Sequence analysis of inner growth increment versus outer growth increment, it is plausible that the maximum total calendar age span is less than or equal to the maximum observed number of growth bands, and the realistic calendar age span is almost certainly less than the total maximum growth band count (Model A), perhaps somewhere between a 75% value ± 25% (Model B) to a 50%

“When considering a Sequence analysis of inner growth increment versus outer growth increment, it is therefore plausible that (i) the maximum total calendar age span is less than or equal to the maximum observed number of growth bands, and (ii) the realistic calendar age span is almost certainly less than the total maximum growth band count (Model A), perhaps somewhere between a 75% value ± 25% (”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The findings highlight the relevance of developing and applying methods that allow better calendar resolution in periods with plateaus in the radiocarbon calibration curve.

“This in turn highlights the relevance of developing and applying methods that allow better calendar resolution in periods with plateaus in the radiocarbon calibration curve.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The earlier 1st millennium AD Taupo volcanic eruption in New Zealand provides further general support: independent ice-core chronology has recently supported/confirmed the date derived from radiocarbon dating of associated regional tree-ring series and other samples and refuted a suggestion that there was perhaps a substantial volcanic CO2 age bias across a large area.

“In further general support the case of the earlier 1st millennium AD Taupo volcanic eruption in New Zealand may also be noted: here independent ice-core chronology has recently supported/confirmed the date derived from radiocarbon dating of associated regional tree-ring series and other samples and refuted a suggestion that there was perhaps a substantial volcanic CO2 age bias across a large area”

• cites Piva et al. Reference Piva, Barker, Iverson, Winton, Bertler, Sigl, Wilson, Dunbar, Kurbatov, Carter, Charlier and Newnham2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The period of olive growth and radiocarbon incorporation is likely broadly very similar to that represented by the trees currently used for IntCal, and hence no substantive growing season offset should be assumed.

“Thus the period of olive growth and incorporation of radiocarbon likely is broadly very similar to that represented by the trees currently used for IntCal and hence no substantive growing season offset should be assumed.Footnote 1”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Years of debate have contested the date of the Thera eruption.

“Years of debate have contested the date of the eruption.”

May combine two claims.

The 1561 BC volcanic eruption occurs only a very few years after the latest 95.4% range limits, so it clearly remains a possibility.

“However, since the 1561 BC volcanic eruption occurs only a very few years after the latest 95.4% range limits, it clearly remains a possibility.”

May combine two claims.

The 1586 BC (V4) eruption is argued to represent a high latitude Northern Hemisphere event and thus is unlikely to be Thera.

“However, the 1586 BC (V4) eruption is argued to represent a high latitude NH event and thus is unlikely to be Thera.”

May combine two claims.

The bark date for sample 88-2 may reflect the last year although it may incorporate carbon from previous years in addition.

“The bark date for sample 88-2 may also reflect this last year although it may incorporate carbon from previous years in addition (Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023).”

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The dates for the two plausible mid-lower latitude northern hemisphere major volcanic eruptions are 1611 BC (V3) and 1561 BC (V5).

“The dates for the two plausible mid-lower latitude northern hemisphere (NH) major volcanic eruptions of 1611 BC (V3) and 1561 BC (V5) (Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sigl, Burke, Davies, Kurbatov, Severi, Cole-Dai, Innes, Albert and Helmick2022) are also indicated.”

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sigl, Burke, Davies, Kurbatov, Severi, Cole-Dai, Innes, Albert and Helmick2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The dates of the outer growth increments or bark should all lie close to the time growth stopped (i.e. the time when the olive shrub was killed) and this is associated with (caused by) the Thera volcanic eruption.

“The dates of the outer growth increments or bark should all lie close to the time growth stopped (i.e. the time when the olive shrub was killed) and this is associated with (caused by) the Thera volcanic eruption (Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023).”

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sbonias, Tzachili and Heaton2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A moving average should dampen wiggles and shape changes but not create a parallel calendar-shifted curve.

“A moving average should dampen wiggles and shape changes (e.g. lower 14C ages on the earlier portions of slopes and raised 14C ages on the later portions of slopes), but not create a parallel calendar-shifted curve (as shown e.g. for the period 1620–1600 BC in the moving average curve of Raj et al. Reference Raj, Regev and Boaretto2023a: Fig.1).”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The reported 13.7 ± 2 14C years offset of the juniper data is plausible and within the range of known intra-annual seasonal variation.

“Hence an offset of the juniper data is plausible and the reported value is within the range of the known intra-annual seasonal variation.”

May combine two claims.

AA data on bristlecone pine exhibited a 13.6 ± 1.6 14C years offset versus ETH, whereas AA data versus ETH on the same Irish oak was offset 6.8 ± 2.9 14C years.

“Here the comparisons listed in Pearson et al. (Reference Pearson, Wacker, Bayliss, Brown, Salzer, Brewer, Bollhalder, Boswijk and Hodgins2020) for data measured at Arizona (AA) versus data measured at ETH (Zürich) suggest that AA data on bristlecone pine exhibited a similar 13.6 ± 1.6 14C years offset, whereas AA data versus ETH on the same Irish oak was offset 6.8 ± 2.9 14C years.”

• cites Pearson et al. (Reference Pearson, Wacker, Bayliss, Brown, Salzer, Brewer, Bollhalder, Boswijk and Hodgins2020)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A time constant with uniform probability of 0-20 years is very conservative, but does act to prevent probability spread.

“Thus, a time constant with uniform probability of 0–20 years is very conservative, but does act to prevent probability spread.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Model versions without the Tau_Boundary assumption are included as a test for how important the exponential assumption is.

“As a test for how important the exponential assumption is, model versions (of A_20r1 and A_20TOr5) without the Tau_Boundary assumption are also included (A_20r1U and A_20TOr5U)”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The outer/bark ages can be modeled as a Phase with an exponential distribution towards the end of the Phase, with the Boundary following this Phase representing the date of the Thera volcanic eruption.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 68.3% and 95.4% highest posterior density calendar ranges can vary by ca. 0 to 1 or 2 years across individual runs, and probabilities can vary usually within 0-1%.

“The 68.3% and 95.4% highest posterior density, hpd, calendar ranges can vary by ca. 0 to 1 or 2 years across individual runs (similarly probabilities, where sub-ranges occur, can vary, usually within 0-1%).”

May combine two claims.

Olive growth is late spring through summer and also through the autumn.

“In contrast, olive growth is late spring through summer and also through the autumn (see above).”

May combine two claims.

The Mediterranean olive growth pattern sometimes enables annual increments to be recognized, whether by visual analysis or via stable isotope or radiocarbon, but often this is not possible from visual inspection.

“This sometimes enables annual increments to be recognized, whether by visual analysis or via stable isotope or radiocarbon (Camarero et al. Reference Camarero, Colangelo, Gracia-Balaga, Ortega-Martínez and Büntgen2021; Ehrlich et al. Reference Ehrlich, Regev and Boaretto2021), but often this is not possible from visual inspection”

• cites Camarero et al. Reference Camarero, Colangelo, Gracia-Balaga, Ortega-Martínez and Büntgen2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ehrlich et al. Reference Ehrlich, Regev and Boaretto2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Cherubini et al. Reference Cherubini, Humbel, Beeckman, Gärtner, Mannes, Pearson, Schoch, Tognetti and Lev-Yadun2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The quote only partly states this claim.

A reasonably good fit is evident between the TAQ ranges and the overall ranges for the Boundary representing the Thera eruption from the models in Table 2 without Arizona offset correction and for calibration curve resolutions of 1 or 5 years.

“A reasonably good fit is evident.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The orthodox position up to now, where the "The Hyksos have gotten lousy press", was the result of the active vilification and writing out of history pursued by the subsequent Egyptian New Kingdom.

“This means changing the orthodox position up to now, where the “The Hyksos have gotten lousy press” (Rutter cited in Balter Reference Balter2006: 508—on changing scholarly assessments of the Hyksos, see Schneider Reference Schneider2018), as the result of the active vilification and writing out of history pursued by the subsequent Egyptian New Kingdom.”

• cites Rutter cited in Balter Reference Balter2006: 508Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schneider Reference Schneider2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Avaris, the Hyksos capital and center, "went supernova...the largest city yet seen in the [Mediterranean] basin by a wide margin ... for over half a millennium ... [and] ... electrified the east Mediterranean...as the east Mediterranean's economic super-attractor".

“Avaris, the Hyksos capital and center, “went supernova…the largest city yet seen in the [Mediterranean] basin by a wide margin … for over half a millennium … [and] … electrified the east Mediterranean…as the east Mediterranean’s economic super-attractor”.”

• cites Broodbank Reference Broodbank2013: 383–385Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The destructions in Crete mark the close of the LMIB period.

“destructions in Crete that mark the close of LMIB period”

• cites Driessen and Macdonald Reference Driessen and Macdonald1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Driessen Reference Driessen2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

The sphere and periphery of the Hyksos-SIP world driven from Tell el-Dab'a/Avaris, ranging from southern Greece to the Cyclades, Crete, Rhodes, and Cyprus, was clearly transformed through the desire for and receipt of all the associated tangibles and intangibles.

“The sphere and periphery of the Hyksos-SIP world driven from Tell el-Dab‘a/Avaris, ranging from southern Greece (Kolonna on Aegina, Mycenae) to the Cyclades (Akrotiri on Thera), Crete, Rhodes (Trianda), and Cyprus, all variously associated and entangled with East Mediterranean/SIP world contacts and influences as evidenced in material culture and expressions, was clearly transformed through the”

May combine two claims.

The outermost/bark olive wood samples from Therasia should date stage 5, the Thera eruption.

“The outermost/bark olive wood samples from Therasia should date stage 5 = Thera eruption.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During the LMIB period, regional centrality begins to shift within the Aegean from Crete (Knossos) to various centers in mainland Greece.

“a time period during which regional centrality begins to shift within the Aegean from Crete (Knossos) to various centers in mainland Greece (Knappett and Nikolakopoulou Reference Knappett, Nikolakopoulou, Knapp and van Dommelen2014: 31)”

• cites Knappett and Nikolakopoulou Reference Knappett, Nikolakopoulou, Knapp and van Dommelen2014: 31Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This Phase of data may be modeled as exponentially distributed with most data immediately before the abandonment event, such that the end Boundary in a Tau_Boundary paired with a Boundary construction gives an estimate for the abandonment episode.

“This Phase of data may be modeled as exponentially distributed with most data immediately before the abandonment event such that the end Boundary in a Tau_Boundary paired with a Boundary construction gives an estimate for the abandonment episode (e.g. Höflmayer Reference Höflmayer2012).”

• cites Höflmayer Reference Höflmayer2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The LMIA period ends around the time of the Thera eruption or relatively soon after (for a Thera date in the very late 17th or early 16th century BC, e.g. 1611 BC).

“Among other ramifications, a Thera eruption date in the very late 17th century BC or early 16th century BC (and e.g. 1611 BC), and so an end for the LMIA period around or not long after this time (the eruption occurs late in the overall LMIA period and likewise late in LHI, but there are indications from some sites and data sets of a subsequent relatively brief final portion of LMIA and LHI, after”

• cites Davis and Cherry Reference Davis and Cherry1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lolos Reference Lolos1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Manning Reference Manning1999: 18, 70–75, 331–332Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Warren (2006) saw the Egyptian stone vessel found at Akrotiri as early New Kingdom or late Second Intermediate Period (SIP), leaving its chronological position as non-determinative.

“Warren (Reference Warren2006) saw it as early New Kingdom or late SIP, leaving its chronological position also as non-determinative”

• cites Warren Reference Warren2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The modeled date range for the Thera eruption (1613-1602 BC at 68.3% hpd) is compatible with the 1611 BC (V3) volcanic eruption or another eruption within a decade or so of ca. 1600 BC.

“This would be compatible with the 1611 BC (V3) volcanic eruption (Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sigl, Burke, Davies, Kurbatov, Severi, Cole-Dai, Innes, Albert and Helmick2022)—or another eruption within a decade or so of ca. 1600 BC.”

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Sigl, Burke, Davies, Kurbatov, Severi, Cole-Dai, Innes, Albert and Helmick2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Material culture and art-style linkages tie the time horizon of the Thera eruption to archaeological sequences across the wider region.

“Material culture and art-style linkages further tie the time horizon of the Thera eruption to archaeological sequences across the wider region (and hence much long-running debate, since the date for the Thera eruption has been uncertain: e.g. Warren and Hankey Reference Warren and Hankey1989; Manning Reference Manning1999, Reference Manning2022; Sherratt Reference Sherratt2000; Warren Reference”

• cites Warren and Hankey Reference Warren and Hankey1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Manning Reference Manning1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pearson et al. Reference Pearson, Brewer, Brown, Heaton, Hodgins, Jull, Lange and Salzer2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This late Middle Bronze Age-early Late Bronze Age era associated with the Hyksos-SIP world, and also the beginnings of the Hittite Old Kingdom and a period of dynamic change, power construction, and likely origins of heroic warriors and epic accounts, in Anatolia to northern Syria and the neighboring Aegean, is conspicuous as a new, different, and increasingly inter-connected phase of substantial

“Altogether, this late Middle Bronze Age-early Late Bronze Age era associated with the Hyksos-SIP world, and also the beginnings of the Hittite Old Kingdom and a period of dynamic change, power construction, and likely origins of heroic warriors and epic accounts, in Anatolia to northern Syria and the neighboring Aegean (Morris, Reference Morris1989; Weeden Reference Weeden and Radner2022: 537–550”

• cites Morris, Reference Morris1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Weeden Reference Weeden and Radner2022: 537–550Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Graziadio Reference Graziadio1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Thera eruption has come to form a key time marker in the archaeology and history of the Aegean and East Mediterranean, directly relevant to the time-capsule at Akrotiri on Thera and many other contexts associated with Thera eruption products or impacts (tephra, pumice, tsunami episodes).

“The Thera eruption has come to form a key time marker in the archaeology and history of the Aegean and East Mediterranean, directly relevant to the remarkable time-capsule buried at the Bronze Age town at Akrotiri on Thera (Palyvou Reference Palyvou2005; Doumas et al. Reference Doumas, Palyvou, Devetzi and Boulotis2015) and also many other contexts associated with Thera eruption products or”

• cites Palyvou Reference Palyvou2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Doumas et al. Reference Doumas, Palyvou, Devetzi and Boulotis2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Driessen Reference Driessen2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Hyksos-Levantine SIP world of the late 18th to earlier 16th centuries BC was replaced by an Egyptian empire that eventually reached into the Levant.

“the Hyksos-Levantine SIP world of the late 18th to earlier 16th centuries BC was replaced by an Egyptian empire that eventually reached into the Levant (Weinstein Reference Weinstein1981; Höflmayer Reference Höflmayer2015).”

• cites Weinstein Reference Weinstein1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Höflmayer Reference Höflmayer2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This is a very different historical (cultural, political, economic) context in which to conceive the development and "high-water mark" of the polities of mid-second millennium BC Crete and their local Aegean influences and connections driving regional change.

“This is a very different historical (cultural, political, economic) context in which to conceive the development and “high-water mark” of the polities of mid-second millennium BC Crete and their local Aegean influences and connections driving regional change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The Egyptian conquest of the Hyksos capital of Avaris/Tell el-Dab'a at the beginning of the New Kingdom marks an important historical bifurcation for the wider East Mediterranean region.

“The Egyptian conquest of the Hyksos capital of Avaris/Tell el-Dab‘a, the extraordinary 2.5 km2 super-site and engine of the greater region during the SIP (Broodbank Reference Broodbank2013: 383–386), at the beginning of the New Kingdom marks an important historical bifurcation for the wider East Mediterranean region: the Hyksos-Levantine SIP world of the late 18th to earlier 16th centuries BC was”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Avaris/Tell el-Dab'a was a 2.5 km2 super-site and engine of the greater region during the SIP.

“The Egyptian conquest of the Hyksos capital of Avaris/Tell el-Dab‘a, the extraordinary 2.5 km2 super-site and engine of the greater region during the SIP (Broodbank Reference Broodbank2013: 383–386), at the beginning of the New Kingdom marks an important historical bifurcation for the wider East Mediterranean region: the Hyksos-Levantine SIP world of the late 18th to earlier 16th centuries BC was”

• cites Broodbank Reference Broodbank2013: 383–386Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The re-dating invalidates past orthodoxies and necessitates a different cultural, economic, political, as well as interpretative and explanatory, context for historical syntheses of the mid-second millennium BC Aegean-East Mediterranean across numerous topics and media.

“This re-dating invalidates past orthodoxies and necessitates a different cultural, economic, political, as well as interpretative and explanatory, context for historical syntheses of the mid-second millennium BC Aegean-East Mediterranean across numerous topics and media.”

May combine two claims.

The subsequent LMIB period must be very long and around a century or more in length, since this period does not come to a close until during the earlier-mid 15th century BC.

“means that the subsequent LMIB period must be very long and around a century or more in length, since this period does not come to a close until during the earlier-mid 15th century BC (Manning Reference Manning2022, Reference Manning2009; Brogan and Hallager Reference Brogan and Hallager2011).”

• cites Manning Reference Manning2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Manning Reference Manning2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Brogan and Hallager Reference Brogan and Hallager2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The eruption occurs late in the overall LMIA period and likewise late in LHI.

“the eruption occurs late in the overall LMIA period and likewise late in LHI”

• cites Davis and Cherry Reference Davis and Cherry1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lolos Reference Lolos1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Manning Reference Manning1999: 18, 70–75, 331–332Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Akrotiri stages 2/3 data can be combined with models for the Therasia and Thera olive wood samples with the key chronological constraint that the Akrotiri stages 2/3 data is earlier than the olive wood samples but also likely within a very short to short time period of them.

“We can therefore combine (a) the Akrotiri stages 2/3 data with (b) models for the Therasia and Thera olive wood samples with the key chronological constraint that (a) is earlier than (b) but also that (a) is likely within a very short to short time period of (b).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A date of either 1611 BC or 1561 BC for the Thera eruption, late in, or at the close of, the LCI or LMIA or LHI periods, represents substantial change in the conventional historical assumptions and structure.

“As argued and discussed in more detail in Manning (Reference Manning2022), a date of either 1611 BC or 1561 BC for the Thera eruption, late in, or at the close of, the LCI or LMIA or LHI periods, represents substantial change in the conventional historical assumptions and structure.”

• cites Manning (Reference Manning2022)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

An appropriate strategy for this prior constraint appears to be a log-normal distribution with most probability for a very short interval (months to several years) but with some decreasing probability for a longer interval with no hard boundary, such that the data can overwhelm the prior assumption if this assumption proves to be inappropriate.

“As in Manning (Reference Manning2022), an appropriate strategy for this prior constraint appears to be a log-normal distribution with most probability for a very short interval (months to several years) but with some decreasing probability for a longer interval with no hard boundary (since this actual period is not known, only estimated), such that the data can overwhelm the prior assumption if”

• cites Manning Reference Manning2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The actual period between the Akrotiri stages 2/3 abandonment and the Thera eruption is not known, only estimated.

May combine two claims.

Data from various sites and their dating models each set a terminus ante quem for the Thera volcanic eruption, with some being close and some involving more substantial periods of time.

“A Phase showing the Boundaries or a Date query from Sequences of data from various sites and their dating models (see Supplementary Material) that each set a terminus ante quem (TAQ) for the Thera volcanic eruption. Some are close TAQs and some involve more substantial periods of time (see text).”