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Cognitive control for language switching in bilinguals: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies
Open accessAbstract
In a quantitative meta-analysis, using the activation likelihood estimation method, we examined the neural regions involved in bilingual cognitive control, particularly when engaging in switching between languages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bilingual cognitive control model originally proposed as a qualitative analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. After reviewing 128 peer-reviewed articles, 10 neuroimaging studies met our inclusion criteria and in each study, bilinguals switched between languages in response to cues. We isolated regions involved in voluntary language switching, by including reported contrasts between the switching conditions and high-level baseline conditions involving similar tasks but requiring the use of only one language. Eight brain regions showed significant and reliable activation: left inferior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, midline pre-supplementary motor area, and bilateral caudate nuclei. This quantitative result is consistent with bilingual aphasia studies that report switching deficits associated with lesions to the caudate nuclei or prefrontal cortex. It also extends the previously reported qualitative model. We discuss the implications of the findings for accounts of bilingual cognitive control.
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“This model was confirmed in a quantitative meta-analysis examining bilingual language switching [95]”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [95]
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“greater activity in the bilingual network, including areas identified in the meta-analysis [95], was related to smaller RT costs for incongruent trials.”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [95]
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“Research examining the neural bases of these claims confirmed the involvement of such domain-general processes in language selection (Abutalebi et al ., 2008; Luk, Green, Abutalebi, & Grady, 2012).”
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“This prediction is based on past studies showing caudate nucleus adaptations occurring in earlier stages of bilingualism, as well as the repeated implication of the caudate nucleus in language and cognitive control (e.g., Luk et al., 2012).”
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A meta-analysis of task-based differences in bilingual L1 and L2 language networksPreprint
Comstock, L. B., & Oliver, B. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474335 · Cited by 8
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“Such a cognitive control mechanism already exists for non-verbal processing, specifically executive function(s) [7,15]—also referred to generically as cognitive control.”
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“…researchers investigate control processes involved in managing multiple languages (Abutalebi & Green, 2007; Bialystok, 2024; Bialystok & Craik, 2022; Luk et al., 2012) or in studies with monolinguals investigating linguistic stimuli with some sort of conflict (e.g. ambiguity or violations at…”
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BackgroundComparing executive functions in monolinguals and bilinguals
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“Such enhanced general executive control in bilinguals has also been demonstrated by neurological research (Luk et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Multilingualism on Brain Structure, Language Control and Language Processing
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“Voluntary language switching in bilinguals also implicates the supplementary motor area (SMA) and pre-SMA (de Bruin et al., 2014; Luk et al., 2011), both of which also are involved in L2 fluency (Grogan et al.”
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“In addition, the right PCG has been reported to be one of the crucial regions for bilingual language control (Luk et al., 2012), and connectome analysis found that early Japanese-English bilinguals showed dense connectivity between the right putamen and PCG compared to Japanese monolinguals and late bilinguals (Mitsuh…”
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“Additionally, the RSTG has been identified as a crucial region for language switching and is associated with the attentional demands of language processing (Luk et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEvidence for a functional specialization of ventral anterior temporal lobe for language
Marstaller, L., Fynes‐Clinton, S., Burianová, H., & Reutens, D. C. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.062 · Cited by 2
“, 2009), language switching (Luk et al., 2011), and language selection (Abutalebi et al.”
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BackgroundAdaptive control and brain plasticity
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A Preliminary Study of Executive Functioning in Preterm-Born Children
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“18,19 Processing linguistic aspects of 2 languages while suppressing the irrelevant language is thought to strengthen attention directing, which leads to a “more complex representational structure that includes two languages.””
BackgroundDissociating language switching from executive control in bilinguals with MCI
Calabria, M., Suades, A., Juncadella, M., Ortiz‐Gil, J., Ugas, L., Sala, I., & Lleó, A. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.020 · Cited by 2
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“R has been implicated in language switching relative to single-language production (Luk et al., 2012; Yuan et al., 2021).”
Sawaki, M., Yamamoto, H., Motomura, K., Yamamoto, M., Furukawa, K., & Saitô, O. (2022) · Rinsho Shinkeigaku · doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001706 · Cited by 2
Effects of healthy ageing and bilingualism on attention networks
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Change your language, change your mind?
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Production in Bilingual and Multilingual Speakers
Paolieri, D., Morales, L., & Bajo, M. T. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118829516.ch4 · Cited by 2
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Jiang, N. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198852384.003.0005 · Cited by 1
The role of language in developing mathematics and mathematical difficulties
Poltz, N., von Aster, M., Wagner, L., & Ehlert, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22224-5.00003-5 · Cited by 1
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“These subcortical areas can in turn modulate the activity of the prefrontal cortex (Luk et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAGGUN, N. (2021) · Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi · doi:10.46628/itbhssj.1026418 · Cited by 1
Words Versus Pictures: Bilingual Performance on Verbal and Pictorial Measures of Executive Functions
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“…a shared set of regions and networks (Frenck-Mestre et al., 2005), and switching between them requires engagement of regions and networks implicated in domain-general cognitive control (Abutalebi, 2008; Hern ´ andez et al., 2010; Luk et al., 2012; Parker Jones et al., 2012; Seo et al., 2018).”
Comprehension of complex sentences with misleading cues in monolingual and bilingual children
Ostadghafour, S., & Bialystok, E. (2021) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716421000138 · Cited by 1
“One explanation for better performance on cognitive tasks is that bilingual children use domain-general processes that are part of the EF system (Luk et al., 2012) to manage the constant conflict between their two jointly activated languages (Kroll et al., 2012; Timmer et al., 2014; Wu, & Thierry,…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Luk, G., Green, D. W., Abutalebi, J., & Grady, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Luk, Gigi
- Venue
- Language and Cognitive Processes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1479-1488
- ISSN
- 0169-0965 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0732
- PMC
- PMC4006828
- OpenAlex
- W2128376159
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Language and Cognitive Processes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- U.S. Public Health Service (14036-4)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (14036_4)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- language switching, bilingualism, neuronal activation, left inferior frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, pre-supplementary motor area, bilingual aphasia
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