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Cognitive control for language switching in bilinguals: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies
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In a quantitative meta-analysis, using the activation likelihood estimation method, we examined the neural regions involved in bilingual cognitive control, particularly when engaging in switching between languages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bilingual cognitive control model originally proposed as a qualitative analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. After reviewing 128 peer-reviewed articles, 10 neuroimaging studies met our inclusion criteria and in each study, bilinguals switched between languages in response to cues. We isolated regions involved in voluntary language switching, by including reported contrasts between the switching conditions and high-level baseline conditions involving similar tasks but requiring the use of only one language. Eight brain regions showed significant and reliable activation: left inferior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, midline pre-supplementary motor area, and bilateral caudate nuclei. This quantitative result is consistent with bilingual aphasia studies that report switching deficits associated with lesions to the caudate nuclei or prefrontal cortex. It also extends the previously reported qualitative model. We discuss the implications of the findings for accounts of bilingual cognitive control.
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“This model was confirmed in a quantitative meta-analysis examining bilingual language switching [95]”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [95]
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“greater activity in the bilingual network, including areas identified in the meta-analysis [95], was related to smaller RT costs for incongruent trials.”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [95]
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The Neurocognition of Translation and Interpreting
García, A. M. (2019) · Benjamins translation library · doi:10.1075/btl.147 · Cited by 68
Seo, R., Stocco, A., & Prat, C. S. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.010 · Cited by 61
“Our predictions focus on three questions central to bilingual language control research that can be extracted using this novel research design: (1) How and when do general cognitive control regions participate in bilingual language control? (2) How do the neural networks involved in proactive control differ from those…”
BackgroundInfluentialChanges in executive function over time in bilingual and monolingual school-aged children.
Park, J., Weismer, S. E., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000562 · Cited by 60
“…the central focus of the work linking bilingual experience to EF because it has been hypothesized to be at the root of bilinguals’ ability to select and maintain the activation of the target language and resolve conflicts between two linguistic systems (see Kroll et al., 2012; Luk et al., 2012).”
Language exposure induced neuroplasticity in the bilingual brain: A follow-up fMRI study
Tu, L., Wang, J., Abutalebi, J., Jiang, B., Pan, X., Li, M., Gao, W., Yang, Y., Liang, B., Lu, Z., et al. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.09.019 · Cited by 59
Self-citationBrito, N. H., Noble, K. G., & the Pediatric Imaging, N. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12688 · Cited by 56
“PING is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. better EF improves tasks related to other domains (Bialystok, Craik, & Luk, 2012).”
MethodRevisiting the bilingual lexical deficit: The impact of age of acquisition
Bylund, E., Abrahamsson, N., Hyltenstam, K., & Norrman, G. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.020 · Cited by 53
Hervais‐Adelman, A., & Babcock, L. (2019) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728919000324 · Cited by 63
Elmer, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00491 · Cited by 56
“This perspective emerges in a salient manner from a previous meta-analysis of neuroimaging data (Luk et al., 2012), where Luk and colleagues evaluated functional responses in bilinguals during voluntary language switching.”
ResultEarlier and more distributed neural networks for bilinguals than monolinguals during switching
Timmer, K., Grundy, J. G., & Bialystok, E. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.017 · Cited by 50
“similar brain regions are employed during language and nonverbal control (Abutalebi et al., 2013; Abutalebi and Green, 2007; De Baene et al., 2015; Garbin et al., 2010; Kong et al., 2014; Luk et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe relationship between cognitive control and second language proficiency
Luque, A., & Morgan‐Short, K. (2020) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100956 · Cited by 53
Zhu, J. D., Blanco-Elorrieta, E., Sun, Y., Szakay, A., & Sowman, P. F. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118797 · Cited by 49
Cattaneo, G., Calabria, M., Marne, P., Gironell, A., Abutalebi, J., & Costa, A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.006 · Cited by 49
“languages (Abutalebi and Green, 2008; Luk et al., 2012).”
Self-citationSemantic interference and its control: A functional neuroimaging and connectivity study
Canini, M., Rosa, P. A. D., Catricalà, E., Strijkers, K., Branzi, F. M., Costa, A., & Abutalebi, J. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23304 · Cited by 49
“…lexicosemantic control at this level is exerted in a monotonic fashion through similar control mechanisms found to be involved in other cognitive domains (Casey et al., 2001) and entailed for bilingual language control as well (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Abutalebi et al., 2013; Luk et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBilingualism influences structural indices of interhemispheric organization
Felton, A., Vazquez, D., Ramos-Nuñez, A. I., Greene, M. R., Macbeth, A., Hernández, A. E., & Chiarello, C. (2016) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.10.004 · Cited by 51
“In addition, all surface area and most cortical thickness measures did not evidence group differences, and the group differences that we did obtain occurred in regions that have been found to differ based on language experience in other studies (Abutalebi et al., 2015; Luk et al., 2012).”
ResultEnhancement of posterior brain functional networks in bilingual older adults
de Frutos‐Lucas, J., López‐Sanz, D., Cuesta, P., Bruña, R., García, S. D. L. F., Serrano, N., López, M. E., Delgado‐Losada, M. L., López-Higes, R., Marcos, A., et al. (2019) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728919000178 · Cited by 48
“Allegedly, this region plays an important role when switching between two languages (Abutalebi, Annoni, Zimine, Pegna, Seghier, Lee-Jahnke, Lazeyras, Cappa & Khateb, 2008; Luk et al., 2012; Moritz-Gasser & Duffau, 2009), also in bimodal bilinguals (Zou, Ding, Abutalebi, Shu & Peng, 2012).”
BackgroundBehavioral and electrophysiological signatures of word translation processes
Jost, L. B., Radman, N., Buetler, K. A., & Annoni, J. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.034 · Cited by 47
“…about which linguistic models best explain bilingual word production, there seems to be converging evidence that the parallel activation of two languages gives rise to high demands on cognitive control (e.g. Luk et al., 2012; Abutalebi et al., 2013; Kroll and Bialystok, 2013; Kroll et al., 2014).”
BackgroundZheng, B., Báez, S., Su, L., Xia, X., Weis, S., Ibáñez, A. M., & García, A. M. (2020) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105584 · Cited by 48
Sun, X., Li, L., Ding, G., Wang, R., & Li, P. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.03.020 · Cited by 52
Bilingual advantage in executive control when task demands are considered
Qu, L., Low, J. J. W., Zhang, T., Li, H., & Zelazo, P. D. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728914000376 · Cited by 45
Kang, C., Fu, Y., Wu, J., Ma, F., Lu, C., & Guo, T. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23765 · Cited by 45
“The LCN has been considered as a crucial component of the language control network [Abutalebi and Green, 2008; Luk et al., 2011].”
BackgroundInfluentialWhen your heart is in your mouth: the effect of second language use on negative emotions
Dylman, A. S., & Bjärtå, A. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1540403 · Cited by 45
Ngetich, R. K., Zhou, J. A., Zhang, J., Jin, Z., & Li, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.00035 · Cited by 44
Treffers‐Daller, J., Ongun, Z., Hofweber, J. E., & Kořenář, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561088 · Cited by 56
Language control in bilingual language comprehension: evidence from the maze task
Wang, X. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01179 · Cited by 41
“…output in language selection is mediated by the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Price et al., 1999; Hernandez et al., 2001; Chee et al., 2003; Abutalebi and Green, 2007), as well as by sub-cortical areas like the left caudate (Abutalebi and Green, 2008; Luk et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2013).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Luk, G., Green, D. W., Abutalebi, J., & Grady, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Luk, Gigi
- Venue
- Language and Cognitive Processes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1479-1488
- ISSN
- 0169-0965 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0732
- PMC
- PMC4006828
- OpenAlex
- W2128376159
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Language and Cognitive Processes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- U.S. Public Health Service (14036-4)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (14036_4)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- language switching, bilingualism, neuronal activation, left inferior frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus, pre-supplementary motor area, bilingual aphasia
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