Exploring the impact of mindfulnesss on mental wellbeing, stress and resilience of undergraduate social work students

May combine two claims.

At baseline, WEMWBS scores differed significantly between intervention and control groups, with a lower mean in the intervention group (M 46.0, SD 8.3 vs M 53.7, SD 9.2; t(28)=2.40, p=0.02).

“An examination of the WEMWBS scores between study and control groups at baseline showed a significant difference between groups t (28) =2.40, p=0.02, with a lower mean value in the intervention group (M 46.0 / SD 8.3 vs M 53.7 /SD 9.2).”

May combine two claims.

At baseline, RS-14 scores did not differ significantly between intervention and control groups, with a slightly lower mean in the intervention group (M 70.0, SD 12.6 vs M 82.0, SD 8.5; t(28)=1.52, p=0.13).

“An examination of the RS-14 scores at baseline showed a non-significant difference between groups t (28) = 1.52, p= 0.13.with a slightly lower mean value in the intervention group (M 70.0 / SD 12.6 vs M 82.0 /SD 8.5).”

May combine two claims.

Participants who returned questionnaires in week 12 indicated continued use of Mindfulness techniques and their perception that doing so had reduced stress and promoted resilience, particularly during the assessment period.

“Participants who returned questionnaires in week 12 indicated a continued use of the Mindfulness techniques and their perception that doing so had reduced stress and promoted resilience, particularly during the assessment period.”

May combine two claims.

The effect size for the RS-14 change analysis was d=1.36, greater than Cohen's indicator for a large effect (d=.80).

“The effect size (d = 1.36) was greater than Cohen's (1988) indicator for a large effect (d = .80)(see Table 3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some participants initially felt unclear about the metaphors or analogies used to explain Mindfulness, or felt uncomfortable with the body scan or undervalued the importance of self-care.

“Some initially felt unclear about the metaphors or analogies being used to explain Mindfulness, or felt uncomfortable with the body scan or undervalued the importance of self-care.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some participants only engaged with Mindfulness exercises more fully after the course, which coincided with being off for the summer holidays.

“Some only engaged with exercises more fully after the course, which coincided with being off for the summer holidays.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One student shared their ability to use breathing exercises from the body scan to manage stress better.

“At week 12 some students indicated that they had felt less stressed during exams or assignment preparation, they felt better equipped to self-care and enjoy 'time out' and one shared their ability to 'use breathing exercises from the body scan to manage stress better.'”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another student indicated that the Mindfulness course had helped them to develop strategies to 'break negative cycles' of thinking.

“Another indicated that the Mindfulness course had helped them to develop strategies to 'break negative cycles' of thinking”

May combine two claims.

At baseline, PSS scores did not differ significantly between intervention and control groups, with a slightly higher mean in the intervention group (M 18.9, SD 6.1 vs M 15.0, SD 6.4; t(28)=1.70, p=0.09).

“An examination of the PSS scores between study and control groups at baseline showed a non-significant difference between groups t (28) = 1.70, p= 0.09.with a slightly higher mean value in the intervention group (M 18.9 / SD 6.1 vs M 15.0 /SD 6.4).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One student who had felt overwhelmed during placement last semester indicated that the Mindfulness course had helped develop confidence about how to manage stress in the future.

“One student who had felt overwhelmed during placement last semester indicated that the Mindfulness course had helped develop confidence about how to manage stress in the future.”

May combine two claims.

The effect size for the PSS change analysis was d=-1.26, exceeding Cohen's convention for a large effect (d=.80).

“The effect size for this analysis (d = -1.26)was found to exceed Cohen's (1988) convention for a large effect (d = .80)(see Table 3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The remainder of intervention group participants at baseline were unsure how the course would benefit their resilience.

“The remainder were unsure how the course would benefit their resilience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some participants described 'the body scan' used for guided meditation as 'weird' or 'bizarre'.

“Some described 'the body scan' used for guided meditation as 'weird' or 'bizarre.'”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some participants initially felt 'terrified' of being hypnotised by the trainer due to the soothing rhythm of his voice.

“Some participants revealed they initially felt 'terrified' of being hypnotised by the trainer due to the soothing rhythm of his voice”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During the focus group at week 6, one student acknowledged that her attitude towards stressful situations such as 'being late' had changed and she can now enjoy life in the present.

“During the focus group at week 6 one student acknowledged how her attitude towards stressful situations such as 'being late' had changed and she can now enjoy life in the present.”

May combine two claims.

Focus group participants initially shared scepticism of Mindfulness and described it as a 'mystical' or 'alien concept'.

“Focus group participants shared their initial scepticism of Mindfulness and described it as a 'mystical' or 'alien concept'.”

May combine two claims.

Qualitative findings indicated that students felt content with their lives and more appreciative of the moment.

“Mindfulness had provided permission for students to prioritise themselves, to self-care, to feel content with their lives and more appreciative of the moment.”

May combine two claims.

The effect size for the WEMWBS change analysis was d=1.63, exceeding Cohen's convention for a large effect (d=.80).

“The effect size for this analysis (d = 1.63) was found to exceed Cohen's (1988) convention for a large effect (d = .80)(see Table 3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A few participants suggested that the information could have been condensed into an abbreviated course.

“a few suggested that the information could have been condensed into an abbreviated course.”

May combine two claims.

Findings indicated that there were significant changes in the scores for well-being, stress and resilience for the intervention group, but not for the control group.

“Findings indicated that there were significant changes in the scores for well-being, stress and resilience for the intervention group, but not for the control group.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Social work is a stressful profession.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The intervention and control groups were comparable at baseline on well-being, stress, and resilience.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The focus group data indicates that participants were able to objectively reflect on the course content, delivery and impact.

“However, the focus group data indicates that participants were able to objectively reflect on the course content, delivery and impact.”

May combine two claims.

Individual qualitative statements returned by eight participants in week 12 questionnaires indicated that they found the Mindfulness course beneficial and had continued to practice Mindfulness.

“Individual qualitative statements returned by eight participants in week 12 questionnaires indicated that they found the Mindfulness course beneficial and had continued to practice Mindfulness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As the weeks passed, participants seemed to build a relationship of trust and Mindfulness made more sense, meaning they felt more comfortable engaging in the exercises.

“However, as the weeks passed, participants seemed to build a relationship of trust and Mindfulness made more sense meaning they felt more comfortable engaging in the exercises.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Those who remained sceptical confessed that they had been less committed to the homework tasks.

“However, those who remained sceptical confessed that they had been less committed to the homework tasks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Others were less enthusiastic about the Mindfulness course, particularly if the course needed private funding or if delivered in its current format.

“Others were less enthusiastic, particularly if the course needed private funding or if delivered in its current format.”

May combine two claims.

Findings indicated that there was a significant decrease in perceived stress scores in the intervention group, whereas there was no significant decrease in the control group.

“Similarly, findings indicated that there was a significant decrease in perceived stress scores in the intervention group, whereas there was no significant decrease in the control group.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Social work is a stressful profession.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The intervention and control groups were comparable at baseline on well-being, stress, and resilience.

May combine two claims.

At baseline, participants had hoped the Mindfulness course would help improve their well-being (n=3), self-care (n=3), understanding of well-being (n=2), or anxiety management (n=2).

“At baseline, participants had hoped the Mindfulness course would help improve their: well-being (n=3); self-care (n=3); understanding of well-being (n=2); or anxiety management (n=2).”

May combine two claims.

The significant increase in the well-being scores for the intervention group was supported by qualitative comments confirming newfound self-awareness, positivity and self-care, as well as freedom to 'live in the moment'.

“The significant increase in the well-being scores for the intervention group was supported by qualitative comments confirming newfound self-awareness, positivity and self-care, as well as freedom to 'live in the moment'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Managing stress by regaining control was echoed by two other students.

“Managing stress by regaining control was echoed by two other students.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another student indicated that becoming more aware of the negative voice enabled them to consciously replace it with a positive mindset which they probably wouldn't have had beforehand.

“The other indicated that becoming more aware of the negative voice enabled them to consciously replace it with a positive mindset which they 'probably wouldn't have had that mind-set beforehand.'”

May combine two claims.

Although some students found the introduction to Mindfulness 'mystical' or initially feared the 'hypnotic' potential of the trainer's voice, this altered as trust in the therapeutic relationship developed over time.

“Although some students found the introduction to Mindfulness 'mystical' or initially feared the 'hypnotic' potential of the trainer's voice, this altered as trust in the therapeutic relationship developed over time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although some were critical about the timing or duration of the sessions, there was a general sense of commitment to attending the sessions.

“Likewise, although some were critical about the timing or duration of the sessions, there was a general sense of commitment to attending the sessions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This student went on to indicate that the course had helped her 'personally to recognise my emotions and deal with them appropriately. I also feel more determined and focused than before I started this course.'

“This student went on to indicate that the course had helped her 'personally to recognise my emotions and deal with them appropriately.I also feel more determined and focused than before I started this course.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another student relayed how Mindfulness training had helped to manage stress regarding assignment submission.

“Another relayed how Mindfulness training had helped to manage stress regarding assignment submission:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The remainder were unsure (n=5).

“The remainder were unsure (n=5).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One participant indicated that since attending the course 'mental well-being has improved as I have noticed that I am more focused when performing tasks.'

“One indicated that since attending the course 'mental well-being has improved as I have noticed that I am more focused when performing tasks.'”

May combine two claims.

Qualitative comments supported the decrease in perceived stress and indicated that the Mindfulness programme had enabled students to manage stress surrounding exams or assignments with specific techniques and had heightened awareness of potential stressors.

“Qualitative comments supported this and indicated that the Mindfulness programme had enabled students to manage stress surrounding exams or assignments with specific techniques and had heightened awareness of potential stressors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

One student found that focusing on breathing and becoming aware of the present through sensory activity helped increase focus and concentration, most evident when studying or writing assignments, therefore reducing stress.

“One found that 'focusing on my breathing and becoming aware of the present through sensory activity has helped to increase focus and concentrating which is most evident when studying or writing assignments, therefore reducing stress.'”

May combine two claims.

Although some participants remained sceptical about or felt uncomfortable with aspects of the course, focus group participants who had embraced the course content and homework exercises reported positive benefits and felt more able to manage exam related stress or anticipated using these exercises during future practice placements or stressful life events.

“Although some of the participants remained sceptical about or felt uncomfortable with aspects of the course, focus group participants who had embraced the course content and homework exercises reported positive benefits and felt more able to manage exam related stress or anticipated using these exercises during future practice placements or stressful life events.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For others, the Mindfulness course helped to raise awareness of stressors, which included the multiplying of thoughts in your mind, stressing about something that might never happen or making up worst possible scenario stories in your head.

“For others, the Mindfulness course helped to raise awareness of stressors, which included the multiplying of thoughts in your mind, stressing about something that might never happen or making up worst possible scenario stories in your head.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In social work, there is a need for organisations, educators and individual professionals to develop more positive approaches to managing the high levels of stress involved in practice.

“In social work, Grant and Kinman (2014) have highlighted the need for organisations, educators and individual professionals to develop more positive approaches to managing the high levels of stress involved in practice.”

• cites Grant and Kinman, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Enhancing the wellbeing of social work students is centrally important to ensure they are sufficiently resilient to manage the challenges of practice.

“Additionally, they have identified the central importance of enhancing the wellbeing of social work students to ensure they are sufficiently resilient to manage the challenges of practice as they will be at the frontline of society's efforts to cope with many community, family and personal problems (Grant and Kinman, 2014).”

• cites Grant and Kinman, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Health and social care professionals are increasingly integrating Mindfulness into their practice as emerging research demonstrates that it is one possible tool for self-care.

“According to Botta, Cadet and Maramaldi (2015) health and social care professionals are increasingly integrating Mindfulness into their practice as emerging research demonstrates that it is one possible tool for self-care.”

• cites Botta, Cadet and Maramaldi (2015)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Mindfulness is effective in facilitating neuroplasticity, improving emotion regulation, self-awareness and the ability to experience compassion.

“Findings suggest that Mindfulness is effective in facilitating neuroplasticity, improving emotion regulation, self-awareness and the ability to experience compassion (Pidgeon, Ford and Klaassen, 2014)”

• cites Pidgeon, Ford and Klaassen, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Mindfulness is effective in cultivating calmness by decreasing stress or anxiety and improving the immune system.

“and in cultivating calmness by decreasing stress or anxiety and improving the immune system (Jacobs et al., 2016).”

• cites Jacobs et al., 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The groups were comparable at baseline although there was a difference in the PSS score.

“Therefore the groups were comparable at the baseline although there was a difference in the PSS score.”

May combine two claims.

In general, the groups were reasonably comparable at baseline although there was a difference in the WEMWBS score.

“In general, the groups were reasonably comparable at the baseline although there was a difference in the WEMWBS score.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Attempts to capture quantitative data at week 12 resulted in insufficient returns, so this data was excluded from the final analysis.

“Attempts were made to capture quantitative data from all participants at week 12 using the validated questionnaires, but insufficient returns resulted in this data being excluded from the final analysis.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mindfulness can help social work practitioners by developing their ability to concentrate, calm and stabilise their minds.

“Other findings suggest that Mindfulness can help social work practitioners by developing their ability to concentrate, calm and stabilise their minds (Gockel and Deng, 2016)”

• cites Gockel and Deng, 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The RS-14 is a shorter version of the original 25-item Resilience Scale.

“It is a shorter version of the original 25-item Resilience Scale (Wagnild, 1993).”

• cites Wagnild, 1993Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Two quasi-experimental studies found that the use of Mindfulness improved social work students' and practitioners' ability to cope with stressful situations.

“They did report that two studies (Bonifas and Napoli, 2013;McGarrigle and Walsh, 2011), which used quasi-experimental designs, had found that the use of Mindfulness had improved the social work students' and practitioners' ability to cope with stressful situations.”

• cites Bonifas and Napoli, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites McGarrigle and Walsh, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Positive changes can occur through experiential learning and through Mindfulness practice.

“Research supports the fact that positive changes can occur through experiential learning and through Mindfulness practice (Hyland, Lee and Mills, 2015;Manotas, Segura, Eraso, Oggins and McGovern, 2014).”

• cites Hyland, Lee and Mills, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Manotas, Segura, Eraso, Oggins and McGovern, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Thirteen intervention group participants and 12 control group participants completed questionnaires at the post intervention junctures.

“Thirteen intervention group participants and 12 control group participants completed questionnaires at the post intervention junctures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The PSS is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress.

“The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen 1983) is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress.”

• cites Cohen 1983Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The timing of the focus group and follow-up questionnaires was within one hour of the course completing.

“The timing of the focus group and follow-up questionnaires was within one hour of the course completing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are differences in the year of study across the sample, as some were further into their BSW Degree training than others.

“There are differences in the year of study across the sample, as some were further into their BSW Degree training than others.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It could be suggested that participants were still in a Mindful state and the findings could be biased.

“It could be suggested that participants were still in a Mindful state and the findings could be biased.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Numbers recruited were matched with the control group.

“However, numbers recruited were matched with the control group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The response rate remained at 80%.

“the response rate remained at 80%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The trainer was a very experienced practitioner and teacher who adopts a consistent approach when teaching this course.

“Our trainer was a very experienced practitioner and teacher who adopts a consistent approach when teaching this course”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Convenience sampling was used to recruit self-selecting male and female students from the registration and reserve lists.

“Convenience sampling was used to recruit self-selecting male and female students from the registration and reserve lists”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study was a pilot study.

“This was a pilot study, which offered valuable insights into the benefits of the Mindfulness programme and the methodology used.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most participants had been exposed to direct social work practice through a practice placement or had undergone at least one academic year of BSW degree.

“However, most had been exposed to direct social work practice through a practice placement or had undergone at least one academic year of BSW degree the intervention group attended the focus group meeting.”

May combine two claims.

Although the results indicate significant improvements in the mental well-being, stress and resilience of the intervention group, there is no way of knowing if these were attributed to the Mindfulness course, the effects of other support systems external to the University or social support generated over the six week programme.

“Although the results indicate significant improvements in the mental well-being, stress and resilience of the intervention group, there is no way of knowing if these were attributed to the Mindfulness course, the effects of other support systems external to the University or social support generated over the six week programme.”

May combine two claims.

Findings indicated that the six-week Mindfulness course appeared to enhance well-being, improve stress and resilience scores.

“Findings indicated that the six-week Mindfulness course appeared to enhance well-being, improve stress and resilience scores”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Social work is a stressful profession.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The intervention and control groups were comparable at baseline on well-being, stress, and resilience.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Insufficient returns at week 12 resulted in quantitative data from week 12 being excluded from the analysis.

“Insufficient returns at week 12 resulted in quantitative data from week 12 being excluded from the analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The present small scale study has been useful in informing decisions about the integration of Mindfulness training into the curriculum for social work education in one university, highlighting issues around the structure, format and timing of the Mindfulness course.

“The present small scale study has been useful in informing decisions about the integration of Mindfulness training into the curriculum for social work education in one university, highlighting issues around the structure, format and timing or the Mindfulness course.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Inter-rater checks on the semi-structured interview data and transcript were carried out by two members of the research team.

“Inter-rater checks on the semi-structured interview data and transcript were carried out by two members of the research team.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Mindfulness has the potential to provide one of the many evidence based components needed for an emotional curriculum.

“and Mindfulness has the potential to provide one of the many evidence based components needed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The six-week Mindfulness course may not appeal to all students.

“but it may not appeal to all students”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Grant et al. (2015) have argued for the development of an 'emotional curriculum' in social work education.

“Grant et al. (2015) have argued for the development of an 'emotional curriculum' in social work education”

• cites Grant et al. (2015)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness is a tool for self-care.

“Other studies have reported that Mindfulness is a tool for self-care (Botta et al, 2015)”

• cites Botta et al, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness can increase self-awareness by promoting the ability to stay in the moment.

“can increase self-awareness by promoting the ability to stay in the moment (Birnbaum, 2008;Pidgeon et al, 2014)”

• cites Birnbaum, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Pidgeon et al, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness can legitimise self-care and self compassion.

“and legitimise self-care and self compassion (Smeets et al, 2014).”

• cites Smeets et al, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Mindfulness can transform individuals.

“can transform individuals (Lynn, 2010)”

• cites Lynn, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Birnbaum (2008) used Mindfulness meditation to enhance self awareness and increase the students' ability to handle practice fieldwork and academic stressors.

“Birnbaum (2008) used Mindfulness meditation to enhance self awareness and increase the students' ability to handle practice fieldwork and academic stressors”

• cites Birnbaum (2008)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Key issues for consideration emerging from this study were similar to those identified by Gockel and Deng (2016).

“Key issues for consideration emerging from this study were similar to those identified by Gockel and Deng (2016), who facilitated and evaluated a similar Mindfulness programme for Masters in Social Work students in North America.”

• cites Gockel and Deng (2016)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The quality of relationship between therapist and student may be a factor in promoting well-being.

“As indicated in the literature, the quality of relationship between therapist and student may be a factor in promoting well-being (Niehuis et al., 2016).”

• cites Niehuis et al., 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Benefits of Mindfulness have been found in a number of areas, including promoting increased empathy, enabling social work students to integrate theory into practice, integrating Mindfulness into students' professional and personal self, engaging in critical reflection, and considering issues of class, power and oppression.

“Benefits have been found in a number of areas, including: promoting increased empathy (Krasner et al, 2009); enabling social work students to integrate theory into practice; integrating Mindfulness into students professional and personal self (Lynn and Mensinga, 2016), engaging in critical reflection, and considering issues of class, power and oppression, (Gockel andDeng, 2016: Wong, 2013).”

• cites Krasner et al, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Lynn and Mensinga, 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Gockel andDeng, 2016: Wong, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The NHS Choice (2011) has indicated that 41 and 59 is an average score for mental well-being; 32-40 is below average and denotes some issues in relation to mental well-being for general populations; whilst 59-70 is perceived as above average for the general population.

“The authors do not specify a clinical cut off point score but the NHS Choice (2011) has indicated that 41 and 59 is an average score for mental well-being; 32-40 is below average and denotes some issues in relation to mental well-being for general populations; whilst 59-70 is perceived as above average for the general population.”

• cites NHS Choice (2011)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Birnbaum (2007) indicated that students developed better concentration and focus through Mindfulness meditation, which helped them to write academic assignments.

“This is similar to findings from Birnbaum (2007), who indicated that students developed better concentration and focus through Mindfulness meditation, which helped them to write academic assignments.”

• cites Birnbaum (2007)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are advantages of longer periods of Mindfulness practice.

“as have the advantages of longer periods of Mindfulness practice (Gockel and Deng, 2016).”

• cites Gockel and Deng, 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Wong (2004) reported that the moment of discomfort was significant in terms of becoming more conscious of habitual labelling or judging of themselves or others.

“Wong (2004) reported that the moment of discomfort was significant in terms of becoming more conscious of habitual labelling or judging of themselves or others”

• cites Wong (2004)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Mindfulness may improve empathy, compassion and listening, which are all essential for the social work professional.

“In addition, emerging literature appears to suggest that Mindfulness may improve empathy, compassion and listening, which are all essential for the social work professional (Lynn, 2010)”

• cites Lynn, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fleming (2001) suggests four ways to improve credibility of qualitative research: reflexive analysis; participant checking data/report for accuracy; data saturation and inter-rater/peer checks.

“Fleming (2001) suggests four ways to improve credibility of qualitative research: reflexive analysis; participant checking data/report for accuracy; data saturation and inter-rater/peer checks.”

• cites Fleming (2001)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.