Cited by 282Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyExercise and Physiological ResponsesSports Performance and Training

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Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Laforgia, J., Withers, R. T., Gore, C. J.·2006·Journal of Sports Sciences

DOI 10.1080/02640410600552064

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Abstract

Recovery from a bout of exercise is associated with an elevation in metabolism referred to as the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). A number of investigators in the first half of the last century reported prolonged EPOC durations and that the EPOC was a major component of the thermic effect of activity. It was therefore thought that the EPOC was a major contributor to total daily energy expenditure and hence the maintenance of body mass. Investigations conducted over the last two or three decades have improved the experimental protocols used in the pioneering studies and therefore have more accurately characterized the EPOC. Evidence has accumulated to suggest an exponential relationship between exercise intensity and the magnitude of the EPOC for specific exercise durations. Furthermore, work at exercise intensities >or=50-60% VO2max stimulate a linear increase in EPOC as exercise duration increases. The existence of these relationships with resistance exercise at this stage remains unclear because of the limited number of studies and problems with quantification of work intensity for this type of exercise. Although the more recent studies do not support the extended EPOC durations reported by some of the pioneering investigators, it is now apparent that a prolonged EPOC (3-24 h) may result from an appropriate exercise stimulus (submaximal: >or=50 min at >or=70% VO2max; supramaximal: >or=6 min at >or=105% VO2max). However, even those studies incorporating exercise stimuli resulting in prolonged EPOC durations have identified that the EPOC comprises only 6-15% of the net total oxygen cost of the exercise. But this figure may need to be increased when studies utilizing intermittent work bouts are designed to allow the determination of rest interval EPOCs, which should logically contribute to the EPOC determined following the cessation of the last work bout. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the earlier research optimism regarding an important role for the EPOC in weight loss is generally unfounded. This is further reinforced by acknowledging that the exercise stimuli required to promote a prolonged EPOC are unlikely to be tolerated by non-athletic individuals. The role of exercise in the maintenance of body mass is therefore predominantly mediated via the cumulative effect of the energy expenditure during the actual exercise.

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“In this context, EE derived from an exercise session is related to the type of protocol employed, as there may be variations in EE based on manipulation of both its volume and intensity (Borsheim and Bahr 2003; LaForgia et al. 2006) in Abstract Purpose The aim of the present study was to compare the energy expenditure…”
Influential
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption After Aerobic Exercise Training
Sedlock, D. A., Lee, M.-G., Flynn, M. G., Park, K.-S., & Kamimori, G. H. (2010) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.4.336 · Cited by 35
Metabolic Cost of Rope Training
Fountaine, C. J., & Schmidt, B. J. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a35da8 · Cited by 34
“Resting O2 and EPOC were converted to energy expenditure as 1 L of O2 = 19.6 kJ to dismiss the glycolytic component from the O2 measure (27,28,29,30).”
MethodInfluential
Continuous Aerobic Training in Individualized Intensity Avoids Spontaneous Physical Activity Decline and Improves MCT1 Expression in Oxidative Muscle of Swimming Rats
Scariot, P. P. M., Manchado-Gobatto, F. D. B., Torsoni, A. S., dos Reis, I. G. M., Beck, W. R., & Gobatto, C. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00132 · Cited by 34
“Moreover, we believe that, it is likely that higher SPA resulted from the continuous aerobic training could further stimulate energy expenditure after the exercise stimulus, which is termed as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC; Borsheim and Bahr, 2003; LaForgia et al., 2006).”
Background
Energetics of collective movement in vertebrates
Zhang, Y., & LAUDER, G. V. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.245617 · Cited by 33
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on the Parameters Related to Physical Fitness and Health of Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Liang, W., Xiang, W., Cheng, S., Jiao, J., Zhu, X., & Duan, Y. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00767-9 · Cited by 32
“A possible explanation for this result might be HIIT induced the increased activity of catecholamines, which contributes to enhancing fat oxidation and releasing fat from visceral fat storage [109, 110].”
Trained humans can exercise safely in extreme dry heat when drinking waterad libitum
Nolte, H. W., Noakes, T. D., & Vuuren, B. J. V. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.587195 · Cited by 32
“Since most of the correction factors are dependent on metabolic rate, additional corrections were made for the post-exercise equilibration period during which an increased metabolic rate (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption), although marginal (LaForgia, Withers, & Gore, 2006 ), would augment the over-estimation t…”
Background
High intensity interval training exercise-induced physiological changes and their potential influence on metabolic syndrome clinical biomarkers: a meta-analysis
Serrablo-Torrejon, I., López‐Valenciano, A., Ayuso, M., Horton, E., Mayo, X., Medina‐Gómez, G., Liguori, G. A., & Jiménez, A. (2020) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-020-00640-2 · Cited by 39
“EPOC is positively correlated with exercise intensity, thus HIIT has a more powerful effect on EPOC than MICT [73].”
Background
EXCESS POST-EXERCISE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (EPOC) FOLLOWING MULTIPLE EFFORT SPRINT AND MODERATE AEROBIC EXERCISE
Townsend, J. R., Stout, J. R., Morton, A. B., Jajtner, A. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Wells, A. J., Mangine, G. T., McCormack, W. P., Emerson, N. S., Robinson, E. H., et al. (2013) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 31
Effects of Different Strength Training Methods on Postexercise Energetic Expenditure
da Silva, R. L., Brentano, M. A., & Kruel, L. F. M. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181aff2ba · Cited by 31
“The ultraslow component of the EPOC appears to only occur after exercise sessions that involve very intense sessions or with an eccentric component (21).”
Background
Cardiorespiratory fitness level correlates inversely with excess post-exercise oxygen consumption after aerobic-type interval training
Matsuo, T., Ohkawara, K., Seino, S., Shimojo, N., Yamada, S., Ohshima, H., Tanaka, K., & Mukai, C. N. (2012) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-646 · Cited by 31
“Thus, the association between fitness level and EPOC is still controversial, and both review papers [1,2] indicate further study should be conducted to confirm the association between fitness level and EPOC for more strenuous exercise”
Background
Effectiveness of a 16-Week High-Intensity Cardioresistance Training Program in Adults
Greenlee, T. A., Greene, D. R., Ward, N., Reeser, G. E., Allen, C. M., Baumgartner, N. W., Cohen, N. J., Kramer, A. F., Hillman, C. H., & Barbey, A. K. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001976 · Cited by 33
“Some scientists fear risk of injury with high-intensity exercise training and claim the required intensity may be too difficult for nonathletes (16,54,73), though HIIT has been determined safe and well tolerated (2,18,86).”
Background
Acute interval running induces greater excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and lipid oxidation than isocaloric continuous running in men with obesity
Jiang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59893-9 · Cited by 29
Energy Compensation Following a Supervised Exercise Intervention in Women Living With Overweight/Obesity Is Accompanied by an Early and Sustained Decrease in Non-structured Physical Activity
Riou, M.-È., Jomphe-Tremblay, S., Lamothe, G., Finlayson, G., Blundell, J. E., Décarie-Spain, L., Gagnon, J.-C., & Doucet, É. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01048 · Cited by 29
Greater Weight Loss from Running than Walking during a 6.2-Yr Prospective Follow-Up
WILLIAMS, P. T. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31827b0d0a · Cited by 29
Twenty-four–hour analysis of elevated energy expenditure after physical activity in a metabolic chamber: models of daily total energy expenditure
Ohkawara, K., Tanaka, S., Ishikawa‐Takata, K., & Tabata, I. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1268 · Cited by 29
Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans
Costa, D. N., Santosa, S., & Jensen, M. D. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00008.2024 · Cited by 34
Can short-term high-intensity intermittent training reduce adiposity?
Panissa, V. L. G., Alves, E. D., Salermo, G. P., Franchini, É., & Takito, M. Y. (2016) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-016-0260-6 · Cited by 28
Systematic Review of the Technical and Physiological Constraints of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle That Affect the Capability of Astronauts to Exercise Effectively during Spaceflight
Laws, J. M., Caplan, N., Bruce, C., McGrogan, C., Lindsay, K., Wild, B., Debuse, D., Wotring, V., & Winnard, A. (2020) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.02.038 · Cited by 26
“• EPOC comprises at least 6-15% of the net total oxygen cost of an exercise (Laforgia et al., 2006).”
Exercise as a Therapeutic Strategy for Obesity: Central and Peripheral Mechanisms
Zhang, Y., Wang, R., Liu, T., & Wang, R. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14110589 · Cited by 27
Slowed Exercise-Onset Vo 2 Kinetics During Submaximal Endurance Exercise in Subjects With Multiple Sclerosis
Hansen, D., Wens, I., Kosten, L., Verboven, K., & Eijnde, B. O. (2012) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968312451916 · Cited by 27
“However, it is uncertain whether training status and exercise training affects exercise-offset Vo 2 kinetics.(23,24) Therefore, it remains to be determined whether exercise-offset Vo 2 kinetics truly reflect skeletal muscle oxidative capacity.”
Background
Effects of Walking with Blood Flow Restriction on Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
Mendonça, G. V., Vaz, J. R., Pezarat‐Correia, P., & Fernhall, B. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1395508 · Cited by 27
The contribution of energy systems during 30-second lower body Wingate anaerobic test in combat sports athletes: Intermittent versus single forms and gender comparison
Tortu, E., Ouergui, I., Ulupınar, S., Özbay, S., Gençoğlu, C., & Ardigò, L. P. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303888 · Cited by 29
C.c. & c.C.
Perdriel, J. L. (2012) · Cited by 26
High-intensity interval exercise induces greater acute changes in sleep, appetite-related hormones, and free-living energy intake than does moderate-intensity continuous exercise
Larsen, P. S., Marino, F. E., Melehan, K. L., Guelfi, K. J., Duffield, R., & Skein, M. (2018) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0503 · Cited by 27
“tion remains elevated after exercise to accelerate the return of metabolic processes to a resting state (Laforgia et al. 2006; Boutcher 2011).”
Background
Effects of 16 weeks of two different high-protein diets with either resistance or concurrent training on body composition, muscular strength and performance, and markers of liver and kidney function in resistance-trained males
Bagheri, R., Kargarfard, M., Sadeghi, R., Scott, D. S., & CAMERA, D. M. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2236053 · Cited by 35
Can HRV Biofeedback Improve Short-Term Effort Recovery? Implications for Intermittent Load Sports
Pérez-Gaido, M., Lalanza, J. F., Parrado, E., & Capdevila, L. (2021) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-020-09495-8 · Cited by 28
Differences in energy expenditure between high‐ and low‐volume training
Drenowatz, C. J., Eisenmann, J. C., Pivarnik, J. M., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Carlson, J. J. (2011) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2011.635707 · Cited by 27
“EPOC has also been discussed to increase NEAT (Laforgia, Withers, & Gore, 2006 ) which potentially could contribute to increased TDEE.”
Background
Comparison of Long and Short High-Intensity Interval Exercise Bouts on Running Performance, Physiological and Perceptual Responses
Valstad, S., von Heimburg, E. D., Welde, B., & van den Tillaar, R. (2017) · Sports Medicine International Open · doi:10.1055/s-0043-124429 · Cited by 25
“However, the shortest regimens employed were 4-min [22] or 1-min [21] intervals.”
Influential
Effect of interval exercise versus continuous exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption during energy-homogenized exercise on a cycle ergometer
Jung, W., Hwang, H., Kim, J., Park, H., & Lim, K. (2019) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/jenb.2019.0016 · Cited by 22
Does Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Influence the Oxygen Uptake at Rest and Post-exercise?
Montenegro, R. A., Okano, A. H., da Cunha, F. A., Fontes, E., & Farinatti, P. (2013) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1333769 · Cited by 21
The Mystery of Energy Compensation
Halsey, L. G. (2021) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/716467 · Cited by 22
“Extensive literature on aerobic and resistance exercise, reviewed by Laforgia et al. (2006), indicates thatEPOCtypically lasts up to a fewhours.”
Background
Take a walk in the park? A cross-over pilot trial comparing brisk walking in two different environments: Park and urban
Sellers, C., Grant, P., Ryan, C. G., O’Kane, C., Raw, K., & Conn, D. (2012) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.09.005 · Cited by 23
Effects of High Intensity Resistance Training Versus Whole-Body Electromyostimulation on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Untrained Middle Aged Males. A Randomized Controlled Trial
KEMMLER, W. K., Kohl, M., & von Stengel, S. (2016) · Journal of Sports Research · doi:10.18488/journal.90/2016.3.2/90.2.44.55 · Cited by 26
“…with its preferential activation of glycolytic type II fibers (Bossert et al., 2006) required fast extra-mitochondrial energy production that prevents the valid assessment of EE by real-time methods such as indirect calorimetry(LaForgia et al., 2006; Robergs et al., 2007; Scott et al., 2009).”
Background
Effect of Treadmill Exercise Timing on Repair of Full-Thickness Defects of Articular Cartilage by Bone-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An Experimental Investigation in Rats
Song, J., Dong, F., Li, X., Xu, C., Cui, Z., Jiang, N., Jia, J., & Yu, B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090858 · Cited by 20
“In Laforgia’s [37] report, low intensity was defined as less than 50% VO2max, moderate intensity as 50–75% VO2max and high intensity as more than 75% VO2max.”
Infrared Thermography as a Means of Monitoring and Preventing Sports Injuries
Sillero‐Quintana, M., Carmona, P. M. G., & Fernández-Cuevas, I. (2017) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2072-6.ch008 · Cited by 21
Speed- and Circuit-Based High-Intensity Interval Training on Recovery Oxygen Consumption
Schleppenbach, L. N., Ezer, A., Gronemus, S., Widenski, K., Braun, S. I., & Janot, J. (2017) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/cazv3381 · Cited by 19
“According to Laforgia, Withers, and Gore, EPOC is referred to as an increased metabolism during recovery from a session of exercise (14).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of Two Workload-Matched High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols on Regional Body Composition and Fat Oxidation in Obese Men
Tsirigkakis, S., Mastorakos, G. P., Koutedakis, Y., Mougios, V., Nevill, A. M., Pafili, Z., & Bogdanis, G. C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041096 · Cited by 22
“Another mechanism that may contribute to the reduction in body fat following 8 weeks of HIIT is increased post-exercise energy consumption, which is observed for a few h after intense exercise [39].”
Background
Physics and physiology of fish collective movement
Zhang, Y., & LAUDER, G. V. (2025) · Newton · doi:10.1016/j.newton.2025.100021 · Cited by 16
The effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on visceral fat and carotid hemodynamics parameters in obese adults
Shi, W., Chen, J., He, Y., Su, P., Wang, M., Li, X., & Tang, D. (2022) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2022.09.001 · Cited by 16
The impact of uphill cycling and bicycle suspension on downhill performance during cross-country mountain biking
Macdermid, P. W., Fink, P. W., Miller, M. C., & Stannard, S. R. (2016) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1215493 · Cited by 16
Effects of Resistance Training on Skin Temperature and Its Relationship with Central Nervous System (CNS) Activation
Sillero‐Quintana, M., Jones-Rando, J., Refoyo, I., Marins, J. C. B., & Seixas, A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020207 · Cited by 17
“During exercise, homeostasis in general, and Tsk in particular, is strongly affected by skeletal muscle (metabolism), the cardiovascular system (blood flow) and the nervous system (central and local) [10], and it is also influenced by the type of exercise [11], its duration and intensity [12,13], and the environmental…”
Background
Effects of circuit low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement on oxygen consumption during and after exercise
Mukaimoto, T., & Ohno, M. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.616950 · Cited by 16
“…exercise have consistently reported greater excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and excess postexercise energy expenditure responses for higherintensity exercise (Haltom et al., 1999; LaForgia et al., 2006; Phelain, Reinke, & Harris, 1997; Scott, 1998; Thornton & Potteiger, 2002).”
Acute effects of whole-body vibration with resistance exercise on postexercise blood pressure and oxygen consumption in prehypertensive adults
Zeigler, Z., & Swan, P. D. (2016) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2015.12.001 · Cited by 15
“EPOC increases in a curvilinear fashion with exercise duration and in a linear fashion with exercise intensity.(14,27) Thus, the slow phase of EPOC is reflective of the overall exercise intensity and duration.”
BackgroundResult
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption is Unaffected by the Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Order in an Exercise Session
Oliveira, N. L., & de Oliveira, J. J. F. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318207ef4b · Cited by 14
“Moreover, decisions regarding exercise prescription were based on previous investigation (5,22) reporting that exercise intensity has a greater effect on EPOC than exercise duration.”
Background

Authors: Laforgia, J., Withers, R. T., & Gore, C. J.
Affiliations: University of South Australia (AU)
Flinders University (AU)
Corresponding author: Laforgia, J.
Venue: Journal of Sports Sciences
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-12
Volume: 24
Issue: 12
Pages: 1247-1264
ISSN: 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
1466-447X
DOI: 10.1080/02640410600552064
OpenAlex: W2106345581
Cited by: 282
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 8.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, exercise intensity, exercise duration, energy expenditure, body mass maintenance, weight loss, resistance training, intermittent exercise, VO2max
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Basal Metabolism, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Physical Exertion, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise

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Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

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