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Cited by 34Adipose Tissue and MetabolismLipid metabolism and biosynthesisAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans

Open access
Costa, Damla N., Santosa, Sylvia, Jensen, Michael D.·2025·Physiological Reviews
DOI 10.1152/physrev.00008.2024PMC PMC12139471
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Abstract

Review of sex differences in mobilization, oxidation, and storage of fat and carbohydrate in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1152/physrev.00008.2024

Cites

259 of 259 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

175 of 465 cited sources checked · 42 supported · 7 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    The relative contribution of leg adipose tissue lipolysis to systemic FFA is significantly greater in women than in men.

    “The relative contribution of leg adipose tissue lipolysis to systemic FFA is significantly greater in women than men (67, 70)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [67] source

      The Discussion says the fractional contribution of leg fat to systemic oleate flux was comparable in men and women, with only a tendency toward a greater contribution in women. The regional oleate release passage reports 14±2% in men versus 19±2% in women under basal conditions (0.05 < P < 0.1); the post-meal comparison was also not statistically significant. Thus the paper does not support the claimed significant difference. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [70] source

      In Systemic FFA kinetics (page unavailable), the lower-body contribution to systemic FFA release is numerically higher in lean women than lean men (20% versus 14%), but equal in obese women and men (28% each). The reported P = 0.02 tests differences among groups, not a significant overall difference between women and men, so the claimed significant sex difference is not established. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Four months of intramuscular testosterone treatment of adolescent males with delayed puberty resulted in increased fat oxidation under fasting and low dose insulin conditions.

    “However, four months of intramuscular testosterone treatment of adolescent males with delayed puberty resulted in increased fat oxidation under fasting and low dose insulin (insulin clamp) conditions (126).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [126] source

      The Subjects and Research design sections describe healthy male volunteers given short-term hormone suppression and testosterone gel, not adolescents with delayed puberty treated intramuscularly for four months. More decisively, Results > REE reports comparable basal lipid oxidation across study arms and no effect of acute testosterone on lipid oxidation during the insulin clamp. The reported clamp difference was lower oxidation in the hypogonadal arms than in controls. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    With chronic (at least 6 months) or acute (at least 4 weeks) testosterone suppression, the proportion of meal fat stored in lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue is greater than in males with normal testosterone concentrations.

    “However, with both chronic (at least 6 months) (20) and acute (at least 4 weeks) (115) testosterone suppression, the proportion of meal fat stored in lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue is greater than in those with normal testosterone concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] source
    • cites [115] source

      The citation (115) is attached to the acute-suppression part of the sentence. The Discussion (page unavailable) explicitly reports no effect of acute sex-hormone suppression on regional meal fatty-acid storage. The study examined estrogen and progesterone suppression in premenopausal women, not testosterone suppression in males. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    In a randomized double-blind cross-over study, testosterone suppression for 7 days resulted in greater meal fat storage in femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue compared to testosterone rescue.

    “These results are consistent those of a randomized double-blind cross-over study where males underwent testosterone suppression or suppression and rescue for 7 days (117). Compared to the testosterone rescue, testosterone suppression resulted in greater meal fat storage in femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue (117).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [117] source

      The Methods Subjects and Estradiol treatment sections describe a study of women, with a two-week estradiol-versus-placebo crossover in postmenopausal participants—not a seven-day testosterone suppression-and-rescue study in men. The Acute effects of estradiol section reports no change in dietary fatty-acid storage in subcutaneous adipose tissue. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Studies on exercise-induced lipolysis reported greater plasma FFA concentrations in women.

    “Studies examining sex differences in exercise-induced lipolysis reported greater plasma FFA concentrations in women (79, 81, 165, 167, 172, 180, 188, 191, 196–198, 222), while some others found similar concentrations between sexes (26, 93, 161, 176, 178).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [79] source

      The Results (Substrate Concentration and Palmitate Turnover; page unavailable) report that palmitate, a plasma free fatty acid, increased equally in men and women during exercise. Exercise values were 277 ± 104 μmol/l in men and 271 ± 75 μmol/l in women, contrary to attributing greater concentrations in women to this study. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [81] source
    • cites [165] source
    • cites [167] source
    • cites [172] source
    • cites [180] source
    • cites [188] source

      The Preliminary Series of Experiments describes exercise under fat- and carbohydrate-rich diets, and The Results of Earlier Investigations discusses the relative value of those fuels for muscular work (page numbers unavailable). Searches for sex differences, exercise-induced lipolysis, and plasma FFA concentrations found no passage reporting higher concentrations in women. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [191] source
    • cites [196] source
    • cites [197] source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 44
  • May combine two claims. 117

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Skeletal muscle is responsible for up to 80% of postprandial glucose uptake.

    “Specifically, skeletal muscle is responsible for up to 80% of postprandial glucose uptake (150, 151).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [150] source

      In “Muscle Metabolism and Interorgan Crosstalk” (page unavailable), the paper estimates that muscle disposed of approximately 40% of the glucose remaining after the liver extracted 25%–35% of an ingested carbohydrate load—not up to 80% of postprandial glucose. Its 80% figure refers instead to glucose released into circulation by the liver during fasting. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [151] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Women tend to favor utilization of exogenous carbohydrates, leading to an increase in carbohydrate oxidation.

    “Women tend to favor the utilization of exogenous carbohydrates, leading to an increase in carbohydrate oxidation (175, 188, 197).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [175] source

      The Introduction (page not available) says that women tend to oxidize a greater proportion of lipid relative to carbohydrate than men during submaximal exercise—the opposite of the claimed tendency toward greater carbohydrate oxidation. The Whole-Body Substrate Oxidation section (page not available) found no gender difference in the relative contribution of carbohydrate and fat, and does not identify exogenous carbohydrate use. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [188] source

      The Preliminary Series of Experiments (page unavailable) compares carbohydrate-rich and fat-rich diets, and the Summary (page unavailable) discusses fuel use during work. Neither passage addresses whether women preferentially use exogenous carbohydrate or consequently increase carbohydrate oxidation. Searches for women, sex differences, and exogenous carbohydrate found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [197] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Caffeine increases energy expenditure for 4 hours, while alcohol raises it for 2 hours.

    “Caffeine increases energy expenditure for 4 hours (40–42), while alcohol raises it for 2 hours (43, 44).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [40] source
    • cites [41] source
    • cites [42] Yoshida T, 1994, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
    • cites [43] source
    • cites [44] source

      The Results report that alcohol increased metabolic rate in fasting subjects and that it remained elevated at the end of the 90-minute measurement. They do not establish that the increase lasts exactly two hours. This citation is attached to the alcohol clause, so the caffeine claim is outside its scope. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The authors pooled data from femoral artery, femoral vein, and hepatic vein catheterization studies to assess variability and sex differences in regional FFA release.

    “We pooled data from femoral artery, femoral vein and hepatic vein catheterization studies that included measures of blood flow, body composition and isotopic tracer techniques to assess the variability and sex-differences regional FFA release (33, 65–70).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [33] source
    • cites [65] source
    • cites [66] source
    • cites [67] source
    • cites [68] source
    • cites [69] source
    • cites [70] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In response to 2 days of fasting, triacylglycerols accumulate in the liver of men but in the muscle of women.

    “It has been reported that in response to 2 days of fasting, triacylglycerols accumulate in the liver of men, but in the muscle of women (77)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] source

      The Protocol describes an overnight fast, not two days of fasting. The Abstract and VLDL-TG storage rate section report muscle storage in men with and without type 2 diabetes; they do not report a fasting-induced liver-versus-muscle difference between men and women. Searches for two-day fasting and sex-specific hepatic and muscle triglyceride accumulation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In women, direct FFA storage rates per kg fat are greater in thigh than abdominal adipose tissue; in men, they are greater in abdominal than thigh adipose tissue.

    “storage rates are greater in thigh than abdominal adipose tissue per kg fat in women, and greater in abdominal than thigh adipose tissue per kg fat in men (14)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In postmenopausal women, CD36 content, ACS and DGAT activity are highly coregulated at the adipocyte level, and these factors are significantly related to FFA storage.

    “At the level of the adipocyte, CD36 content, ACS and DGAT activity are highly coregulated in postmenopausal women, and these factors were significantly related to FFA storage (21).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fatty acids can move across cell membranes via a flip-flop mechanism, which seems to be a major mechanism for fatty acid entry into cells for several tissues.

    “Because of their nature, FA can move across cell membrane via a “flip-flop” mechanism (97), which seems to be a major mechanism for fatty acids to enter cells for several tissues.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [97] source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies “flip-flop” as passive transmembrane transport of free fatty acids, supporting the claim that fatty acids can cross membranes this way. It does not say flip-flop is a major entry mechanism across several tissues; instead, it says that mechanism seemed unlikely to explain the study’s adipocyte findings. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Endogenous glucose production rates are linearly related to fat-free mass, and this relationship is not different between men and women.

    “Endogenous glucose production rates are linearly related to FFM, and the relationship is not different between men and women (32, 71).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] source
    • cites [71] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plasma FFA are taken up directly and stored as triacylglycerols in subcutaneous and intraabdominal adipocytes in both men and women, but with differing efficiency and patterns.

    “Plasma FFA are taken up directly and stored as triacylglycerols in subcutaneous and intraabdominal adipocytes in both men and women, but with differing degrees of efficiency and with different patterns (14, 84) (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] source

      The Discussion reports direct storage of circulating FFA in subcutaneous fat in both sexes, with different storage rates and regional patterns. The Research Design and Methods describe measurements in upper- and lower-body subcutaneous depots, not intraabdominal adipocytes. The intraabdominal part of the claim is therefore unsupported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [84] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Under overnight fasting conditions, glucose disposal into adipose tissue per kg is greater in visceral fat than abdominal subcutaneous fat, but is not reported to differ between men and women.

    “Under overnight fasting conditions, glucose disposal into adipose tissue (per kg) is greater in visceral fat than abdominal subcutaneous fat but was not reported to be different between men and women (101) (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] source

      The Results and Discussion report VLDL-triglyceride fatty-acid storage, not glucose disposal. Searching the Methods and Results for glucose uptake or disposal found no measurement of the claimed visceral-versus-subcutaneous difference or a comparison between men and women; the study examined women only. The finding that VLDL-TG storage per kilogram lipid was similar across depots does not establish the opposite result for glucose. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Neither two weeks nor six months of transdermal estrogen replacement altered fat oxidation or body composition.

    “Neither two weeks (116) nor six months (124) of transdermal estrogen replacement altered fat oxidation or body composition”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [116] source
    • cites [124] source

      The Methods (page unavailable) describe an observational four-year study and say women taking hormones were ineligible. The Results report changes in fat oxidation during the menopausal transition, not the effect of six months of transdermal estrogen replacement. A search for that treatment and duration found no passage addressing the claimed outcome. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There appear to be neither acute nor chronic effects of sex hormones on postprandial carbohydrate oxidation.

    “With regard to postprandial carbohydrate oxidation, there appear to be neither acute (114–118) or chronic (20, 21, 119–121) effects of sex hormones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [114] Pomerantz HZ, 1959, Can Med Assoc J

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [20] source

      Table 2 reports similar six-hour post-meal carbohydrate oxidation in men with normal and low testosterone, supporting the claim about chronic differences in this population. The Substrate and Meal FA Oxidation section discusses the between-group comparison, but this study does not test acute sex-hormone effects or sex hormones generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [119] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Men who were chronically hypogonadal for at least 6 months and matched for age, BMI, and body composition with eugonadal men had lesser fatty acid oxidation in the 6 hours following a standard meal, but 24-hour meal FA tracer oxidation was not different between groups.

    “Men who were chronically hypogonadal for at least 6 months that were matched for age, BMI, and body composition with eugonadal men had lesser fatty acid oxidation as measured by indirect calorimetry in the 6 hours following a standard meal (20), but 24-hour meal FA tracer oxidation was not different between the two groups (20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a study by Lovejoy et al, there was a 32% decrease in fat oxidation in females who became postmenopausal after a 4-year follow-up, whereas there was no difference in fat oxidation in similarly aged females who remained premenopausal.

    “In a study by Lovejoy et al (123), there was a 32% decrease in fat oxidation in females who became postmenopausal after a 4 y follow up, whereas there was no difference in fat oxidation in similarly aged females who remained premenopausal.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] source

      The Results and discussion report greater dietary-lipid oxidation in premenopausal than postmenopausal healthy women. They do not report a Lovejoy et al. study, a four-year follow-up, a 32% decline, or unchanged oxidation among women who remained premenopausal; this paper compares separate groups rather than following women through menopause. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In males, FFA release from upper body subcutaneous adipose tissue accounts for a greater proportion of total FFA released than in females, and leg adipose tissue accounts for a greater proportion of total FFA release in females than in males.

    “In males, FFA release from the upper body subcutaneous adipose tissue accounts for a greater proportion of total FFA released than in females, and leg adipose tissue account for a greater proportion of total FFA release than in males (Figure 6) (67).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Abdominal LPL activity increased more from fasted to fed state in post- than pre-menopausal females and correlated with upper body meal fat storage in postmenopausal but not premenopausal females.

    “LPL activity may be a factor in increasing greater meal fat storage as abdominal enzyme activity increased to a greater extent in post- than pre- menopausal females from the fasted to the fed state, and was well-correlated with upper body meal fat storage in postmenopausal, but not premenopausal females (21).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In some studies, meal FA storage efficiency did not differ between abdominal and femoral depots in women, possibly because of older or heterogeneous obese populations.

    “In some studies meal FA storage efficiency was not different between abdominal and femoral depots in women (21, 86, 88), possibly because of the older (21, 86) or heterogeneous obese (88) populations that were included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [21] source

      The Regional meal FA storage section reports no significant abdominal–femoral difference in premenopausal women, supporting that part of the citing sentence. It reports significantly greater femoral storage in postmenopausal women, however, and does not attribute the absence of a difference to older or heterogeneous obese populations. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [86] source
    • cites [88] source

      The Results (page not provided) report PET-measured uptake of circulating palmitate in abdominal and femoral adipose tissue, not meal fatty-acid storage efficiency. Searches for meal-fat storage efficiency in women and for heterogeneous obese populations found no passage addressing the attributed comparison or its proposed explanation. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Upon consumption of a mixed meal, the nadir of plasma FFA concentrations is very similar in young normal weight males and females, although the absolute release rate of FFA is slightly greater in males.

    “Upon consumption of a mixed meal, the nadir of plasma FFA concentrations is very similar in young (~27 y), normal weight males and females, although the absolute release rate of FFA is slightly greater in males (67).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] source

      The subject-characteristics table lists lean men and women with mean ages of 27, and the Results report a higher post-meal nadir oleate appearance rate in men (49 ± 6 versus 24 ± 3 µmol/min). But the Discussion describes reduced plasma FFA concentrations in women, rather than establishing that the sexes had very similar concentration nadirs; the reported appearance-rate difference is also more substantial than “slightly greater.” (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the postprandial state, women have greater rates of FFA storage in upper body than lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue, reversing the postabsorptive pattern.

    “Under postprandial conditions the rates of direct FFA storage per kg adipose tissue are also greater in women than men (19), and a reversal of the pattern seen in the postabsorptive state is observed; women have greater rates of FFA storage in upper body than lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue (19).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Physical activity increases energy expenditure and alters substrate utilization based on intensity and duration.

    “Physical activity increases energy expenditure and alters substrate utilization based on the intensity and duration (32, 160).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] source

      The Introduction says exercise stimulates fat oxidation, and the discussion following Figure 3 says energy expenditure and fat oxidation increase almost immediately during exercise. Our copy does not say that substrate utilization varies with exercise intensity and duration; the study focuses on resting fuel availability. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [160] source

      The Introduction and Discussion state that physical activity level is a determinant of daily energy expenditure, supporting that part of the claim. The paper does not say that substrate utilization changes with activity intensity or duration; it focuses on postprandial glucose responses to a mixed meal. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Two months of transdermal testosterone treatment in non-obese males did not affect femoral meal fat uptake but decreased abdominal subcutaneous LPL activity and meal fat storage.

    “In contrast, 2 months of transdermal testosterone treatment given to non-obese males did not affect femoral meal fat uptake (147), but did decrease abdominal subcutaneous LPL activity and meal fat storage (147).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [147] source

      The Introduction and Study Protocol describe a postprandial NEFA-tracer study in normal-weight men and women, not a testosterone-treatment study. The Results report regional tracer storage, but no passage found for transdermal testosterone, a two-month intervention, or treatment-related changes in LPL activity or meal-fat storage. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Most studies achieved similar serum lactate concentrations, while a few reported greater concentrations in men or women.

    “While most studies achieved similar serum lactate concentrations (79, 161, 165–178), a few reported greater concentrations either in men (179–183) or women (26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [79] source

      The Results passages compare men and women on palmitate and triglyceride concentrations, not serum lactate. Searches for “lactate concentrations in men and women” and “serum lactate” found no passage addressing the claimed pattern across studies or sex differences in lactate. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [161] source
    • cites [165] source
    • cites [166] source
    • cites [167] source
    • cites [168] source
    • cites [169] source
    • cites [170] source
    • cites [171] source
    • cites [172] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycerol isotope studies either showed greater glycerol Ra in women or comparable rates between sexes during exercise.

    “Research using glycerol isotopes either showed greater glycerol Ra in women (166) or comparable rates between both sexes during exercise (162).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [166] source
    • cites [162] source

      The Exercise responses section reports no sex difference in palmitate rate of appearance during exercise, supporting the comparable-rates finding. But the Assays and measurements and Calculations and statistics sections identify the isotope tracer and calculated rate as palmitate, not glycerol; this paper does not establish comparable glycerol Ra. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lower body lipolysis findings conflict: some studies found greater FFA release in women using femoral venous catheterization, while others found similar glycerol release rates in men and women using subcutaneous microdialysis.

    “Similarly, conflicting results were observed in lower body lipolysis: while some studies revealed greater FFA release in women using femoral venous catheterization (176) others suggested similar glycerol release rates in men and women using subcutaneous microdialysis method (220).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [176] source

      The citation is attached to the claim of similar glycerol release rates in men and women measured by subcutaneous microdialysis. The Introduction and Discussion address sex differences in whole-body substrate use during exercise, but our copy does not address glycerol release measured by microdialysis. Searches for that method and for lower-body lipolysis found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [220] source

      The citation is attached to the claim of similar glycerol release in men and women measured by subcutaneous microdialysis. The Subjects section (p. 2) says this study included only women and analyzed isolated adipocytes; Figure 14 (pp. 19–20) compares glycerol release by diabetes status. Searches for microdialysis, femoral catheterization, and sex comparisons found no passage addressing the attributed finding. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies on upper body fat tissue have contradictory findings, with some reporting profound lipolysis in moderately fit women and others no significant sex differences in athletic groups.

    “Studies on upper body fat tissue have contradictory findings, with some reporting profound lipolysis in moderately fit women (220, 222) and others indicating no significant sex-based differences in athletic groups (180, 198).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [220] source

      The Subjects section (p. 2) says all participants were women, and the Results (p. 4) examine lipolytic signalling in women with and without type 2 diabetes. Searches for moderately fit women, athletic groups, upper-body fat and sex-based comparisons found no passage reporting the claimed contradictory findings. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [222] source
    • cites [180] source
    • cites [198] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The definition of flux varied among studies, with some using body weight and others fat-free mass, which may complicate comparisons.

    “It’s important to note that the definition of flux varied among these studies, with some using body weight (166) others using FFM (162), which may complicate comparisons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [166] source
    • cites [162] source

      The Discussion says direct comparisons with previous studies are difficult, but attributes that difficulty to differences in measurement methods, exercise protocols, fitness, and diet—not to body-weight versus fat-free-mass definitions of flux. The Exercise responses section reports systemic palmitate flux in µmol/min; it does not establish the claimed normalization distinction. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fed-state studies on exercise-induced lipolysis are inconsistent; some reported greater plasma FFA concentrations in women, others similar concentrations between sexes.

    “Studies examining sex differences in exercise-induced lipolysis are not consistent; some reported greater plasma FFA concentrations in women (166, 188), others found similar concentrations between sexes (162, 179, 213).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [166] source
    • cites [188] source

      The Preliminary Series of Experiments (page unavailable) describes exercise after fat- or carbohydrate-rich diets, with experiments conducted before the subjects ate that morning. Neither that passage nor the passages retrieved by searching for sex differences and plasma free fatty acids address whether exercise-induced lipolysis or plasma FFA concentrations differ between women and men. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [162] source

      The Exercise responses section reports similar arterial plasma palmitate concentrations in men and women during exercise (P = NS), supporting the similar-concentrations part of the claim. The Discussion notes differences among prior studies but does not establish that some found higher plasma FFA concentrations in women. The protocol describes a controlled prestudy diet, not a fed-state exercise test; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [179] source
    • cites [213] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When exercise intensity reaches moderate levels, muscle glycogen begins to be utilized, and its usage becomes more pronounced with increased intensity.

    “When exercise intensity reaches moderate levels, muscle glycogen begins to be utilized, and its usage becomes more pronounced with increased intensity (160).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [160] source

      The Introduction discusses physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, while the Discussion concerns postprandial responses to a meal (page numbers unavailable). Searches for muscle glycogen use during moderate- or higher-intensity exercise found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies on muscle imTG usage during fasting exercise report conflicting results: some found imTG use only in women, others greater use in men, and others similar use between sexes.

    “Regarding the quantification of muscle imTG usage during fasting state exercise, some authors reported imTG use only in women but not men (78, 79, 176), while others proposed the greater use in men (82) or found similar imTG use between sexes (80, 81).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [78] source

      The supplied Sex Differences passage (labelled Abstract; no page given) concerns fatty-acid storage in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, not muscle imTG use. Searches for imTG, fasting exercise, and sex differences in muscle triglyceride use found no passage reporting the claimed conflicting findings. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [79] source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) reports no sex-specific differences in VLDL-triglyceride kinetics, not in muscle intramyocellular triglyceride (imTG) use. Searches for imTG use and sex differences found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed conflicting findings during fasting exercise. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [176] source

      The Introduction and Discussion discuss sex differences in whole-body fat use during exercise, including prior fasted-state studies. A search for intramuscular triglyceride (imTG) use and the claimed conflicting findings found no passage in our copy addressing imTG use by sex; whole-body fat oxidation does not establish muscle imTG use. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [82] source
    • cites [80] source

      The Methods and Procedures and VLDL-TG storage sections describe postabsorptive fatty-acid storage in adipose tissue in women, not muscle imTG use during exercise. Searches for imTG, exercise, and sex differences found no passage addressing the claimed conflicting results. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [81] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Direct FFA storage rates per kg lower body adipose tissue are greater in women than men, and in women greater in lower body than upper body subcutaneous adipose tissue.

    “but direct FFA storage rates per kg lower body adipose tissue are greater in women than men, and, in women, greater in lower body than upper body subcutaneous adipose tissue (19).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] source

      The Abstract and Discussion report greater lower-body FFA storage per kilogram of fat in women than men, and greater lower-body than upper-body storage in women, during walking. The claim omits that condition: after eating, storage was greater in upper-body than lower-body fat in both sexes. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glucose appearance/production rates findings vary: some studies report similar rates in athletic men and women, while others indicate greater rates in moderately fit athletic men during endurance cycling.

    “Regarding glucose appearance/production rates, research findings vary, with some studies reporting similar rates in athletic men and women (188, 189), while others indicate greater rates in moderately fit athletic men during endurance cycling (168, 176, 181).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [188] source

      The Preliminary Series of Experiments describes subjects’ cycling experience, and the Second Series reports cycling and metabolism, but neither gives glucose appearance or production rates by sex. Searches for glucose appearance/production and comparisons of men and women found no passage addressing the attributed finding; page numbers were unavailable in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [189] source
    • cites [168] source
    • cites [176] source

      The Measurements and Calculations section describes glucose concentration and substrate oxidation measurements, not glucose appearance or production rates. The Discussion mentions appearance rates only in relation to estradiol-treatment studies; it does not report whether rates were similar or greater in men during endurance cycling. Searches for glucose appearance, production, and turnover found no passage establishing the attributed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [181] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Athletes generally have elevated plasma glucose concentrations compared to untrained individuals, with no observable sex differences.

    “Fitness level might be a confounding in glucose concentrations, as athletes generally exhibit elevated plasma glucose concentrations compared to untrained individuals, with no observable differences based on sex (169, 240).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [169] source
    • cites [240] source

      The Methods (Subjects; page unavailable) describe seven untrained men, with no athlete group or women for comparison. The Results (page unavailable) report that arterial glucose remained unchanged during exercise, not whether athletes have higher plasma glucose than untrained people. Searches for athlete–untrained and sex comparisons found no passage addressing either claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Research on oral glucose intake concurrent with exercise yields conflicting results on plasma glucose concentrations, with findings indicating lower or greater concentrations in women, or similar levels with men.

    “Research on oral glucose intake concurrent with exercise yields conflicting results on plasma glucose concentrations, with findings indicating lower (241) or greater (175) concentrations in women, or similar levels with men (188, 197).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [241] source
    • cites [175] source

      The Hyperinsulinemic/Euglycemic Clamp results (page not provided) report no difference in glucose concentrations between men and women before the clamp on the exercise day, supporting the similar-levels finding attributed to this paper. The Exercise Day and Resting Day methods show that glucose was infused during a post-exercise clamp, not taken orally during exercise. This paper therefore does not support the oral-intake condition; the lower and greater findings are attributed to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [188] source

      The Results of Earlier Investigations section discusses glucose ingestion in a treadmill study of a dog, but reports metabolism and respiratory quotient, not plasma glucose concentrations. The Preliminary Series of Experiments describes carbohydrate and fat diets during exercise; searches for plasma glucose, women, men, and blood sugar found no sex-based comparison of glucose concentrations in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [197] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycogen use during fasting exercise was previously noted as similar in both sexes or greater in men.

    “Previously, glycogen use was noted as similar in both sexes (82, 176, 243) or more in men (178, 183, 189) during fasting.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [82] source
    • cites [176] source

      The Introduction says women use less endogenous carbohydrate than men during fasted exercise, consistent with greater carbohydrate use in men. The Results report similar carbohydrate oxidation between sexes in the placebo trial, but the Discussion notes that participants had a pre-exercise snack. Neither passage establishes glycogen use specifically during fasting exercise. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [243] source
    • cites [178] source

      Methods (Experimental protocol) says participants began the exercise bout after an overnight fast. Results (Muscle glycogen, Table 3) reports glycogen declining in both sexes, but describes the lower post-exercise level in men only as a slight trend. The paper therefore supports glycogen use during fasted exercise, not a firm finding of greater use in men. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [183] source
    • cites [189] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some studies found greater skeletal muscle AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation and AMPK-α2 activity in men than women during exercise, while others found similar AMPK phosphorylation responses.

    “While some others noted skeletal muscle AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation and AMPK-α2 activity were greater in men than in women during exercise (177, 248), others noted similar phosphorylation responses of AMPK in men and women (247).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [177] source
    • cites [248] source
    • cites [247] source

      The citing sentence attaches reference 247 to the claim of similar AMPK phosphorylation responses in men and women. Our copy’s Discussion reports sex-specific gene-expression findings, not AMPK phosphorylation measurements or a finding of similar responses. A References entry names a different study on greater AMPK-α2 activation in men, but it does not establish the claim attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resting GLUT4 protein levels are similar in men and women, but post-exercise GLUT4 mRNA expression is greater in men than women during the follicular phase.

    “Although resting GLUT4 protein levels are reported to be similar in men and women (255), post-exercise GLUT4 mRNA expression is greater in men compared to women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (244).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [255] source

      The cited portion is the post-exercise comparison between men and women, not the resting protein-level statement cited to a different source. The Abstract describes a study of eight healthy men and AS160/TBC1D1 phosphorylation; searches for GLUT4 mRNA, women, and the follicular phase found no passage addressing that comparison. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [244] source

      Citation 244 is attached to the post-exercise GLUT4 mRNA claim; the resting GLUT4 protein claim has a different citation. Our copy’s Western blot analysis describes measurements of AMPK, ACC, STAT3, ERK1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation, while the Results report those signaling responses rather than GLUT4 mRNA. Searches for GLUT4 and the follicular phase found no passage addressing the attributed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Exercise can inactivate ACCβ by phosphorylation, an enzyme that indirectly reduces CPT-I activity and fatty acid oxidation in muscles.

    “Exercise can inactivate acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta (ACCβ) by phosphorylation, an enzyme indirectly reducing CPT-I activity and fatty acid oxidation in muscles (246).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [246] source

      The Results (Adipose tissue; page unavailable) measure ACCβ phosphorylation during insulin-clamp and intralipid trials, not exercise. Searches for exercise-related ACCβ inactivation and for CPT-I and fatty-acid oxidation found no passage in our copy stating the claimed mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    AMPK decreases inhibition of GLUT4 by phosphorylating AS160 and TBC1D1 proteins.

    “AMPK decreases the inhibition of GLUT4 by phosphorylating Akt substrate 160 (AS160) and TBC1 domain family member 1 (TBC1D1) proteins (252, 254).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [252] source
    • cites [254] source

      The Results (p. 6) say AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of TBC1D1 has been suggested to increase GLUT4 translocation, supporting the TBC1D1 part of the claim. The Discussion (p. 12) says AMPK can target TBC1D4 (AS160), but that most evidence favors TBC1D1, not TBC1D4, for AMPK-mediated effects on muscle glucose uptake. The paper does not establish that AMPK relieves GLUT4 inhibition by phosphorylating both proteins. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Women displayed greater TFP-α mRNA content than men, and this pattern remained consistent post-exercise.

    “Women displayed greater trifunctional protein alpha (TFP-α) mRNA content compared to men, and this pattern remained consistent post-exercise (244).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [244] source

      The Abstract and the exercise-response results (page unavailable) report protein phosphorylation and leptin measurements, not TFP-α mRNA content. Searches for TFP, trifunctional protein alpha, and mRNA expression found no passage addressing whether women had higher TFP-α mRNA before or after exercise. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A single study indicated that after acute exercise, women in the follicular phase had greater hexokinase II mRNA abundance than men, while men had increased transcript levels of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase.

    “A single study indicated that following acute exercise, women in the follicular phase displayed greater hexokinase II mRNA abundance compared to men, whereas men exhibited increased transcript levels of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase (244).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [244] source

      The Western blot analysis section describes measurements of protein phosphorylation, and the Results section reports those responses after a sprint; neither addresses the claimed transcript differences. Searches for hexokinase II, the follicular phase, glycogen phosphorylase, and phosphofructokinase found no passage reporting the claimed mRNA findings. The paper’s finding of comparable phosphorylation responses does not establish a contrary result for mRNA abundance. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Skeletal muscle CPT I transcript abundance increased more in women, while CPT-II mRNA concentration was steady and equivalent in both sexes.

    “Increase in skeletal muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I transcript abundance was greater in women, while CPT-II mRNA concentration was steady and equivalent in both sexes (244).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [244] source

      The Abstract and Western blot analysis describe measurements of signaling-protein phosphorylation, not CPT-I or CPT-II transcripts. Searches of our full-text copy for carnitine palmitoyltransferase, CPT-I/CPT-II, and mRNA found no passage addressing the claimed sex differences or steady CPT-II concentration. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The increase in lipid-binding protein mRNA after exercise was greater in women, but FFA uptake across the leg was similar in men and women.

    “Although this increase was greater in women (194, 244), FFA uptake across the leg was reported similar in both men and women (176).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [194] source
    • cites [244] source

      The cited paper’s General procedures describe muscle biopsies and blood sampling, while its Performance level and muscle signaling section mentions free fatty acids only in relation to circulating leptin. Searches for FFA uptake across the leg and arteriovenous measurements found no passage comparing uptake in men and women. The greater mRNA increase is attached to other citations in the citing sentence, so it is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [176] source

      Citation (176) is attached to the claim that FFA uptake across the leg was similar in men and women; the lipid-binding protein mRNA claim cites other sources. The Results section (page unavailable) reports whole-body fat oxidation, but the passages found when searching for FFA uptake and leg uptake do not report uptake across the leg. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After acute exercise, muscle PPAR-α transcript abundance increased more in women, while PPAR-γ remained similar between sexes.

    “Following acute exercise, the muscle transcript abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) notably increased more in women, while PPAR-γ remained similar between both sexes (244).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [244] source

      The Abstract and results section report sex comparisons for AMPK, ACC, STAT3, ERK and p38MAPK phosphorylation after sprint exercise, not PPAR transcript abundance. Searches for PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and their mRNA expression found only references to PPAR-related coactivators, with no passage addressing either claimed transcript response. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Adipose activities of ACS, GPAT, and DGAT vary by depot and by sex.

    “Perhaps unsurprisingly, these factors vary by depot and by sex (Figure 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Visceral adipose lipolysis rates per kg fat may be greater in women than in men.

    “which suggests, but does not prove, that visceral adipose lipolysis rates per kg fat may be greater in women than men.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Men often have greater energy needs than women.

    “given that men often have greater energy needs that women (48)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The relative contribution of fatty acid and glucose oxidation to overnight postabsorptive substrate oxidation is sensitive to minor variations in energy balance and preceding diet composition.

    “The relative contribution of fatty acid and glucose oxidation to overnight, postabsorptive substrate oxidation is sensitive to minor variations in energy balance (52) and the preceding diet composition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    For questions lacking direct comparisons, the review relied on studies of men and similar techniques in women, and checked volunteer characteristics for major age or BMI differences.

    “For some questions there were no studies making direct comparisons and we needed to rely on publications that provided data for men and uses similar experimental techniques to address the issue in women. For those comparisons we reviewed the descriptions of the volunteer characteristics to determine whether major differences in age or BMI were present.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Omental ACS and DGAT activity are positively correlated with total GPAT activity in both women and men, but total GPAT is greater for any given level of ACS or DGAT activity in women than men.

    “Omental ACS and DGAT activity are positively correlated with total GPAT activity for both women and men, but total GPAT is greater for any given level of ACS or DGAT activity in women than men (Figure 5C)(98).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Testosterone suppresses femoral adipocyte ACS activity, which may in turn reduce direct FFA storage in leg fat.

    “This suggests that testosterone suppresses femoral adipocyte ACS activity, which may in turn reduce direct FFA storage in leg fat.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In abdominal subcutaneous tissue, total GPAT activity is positively correlated with ACS and DGAT activity in both men and women, and total GPAT activity relative to ACS or DGAT activity is greater in women.

    “Likewise, in abdominal subcutaneous tissue, total GPAT activity is positively correlated with ACS and DGAT activity for both men and women, and total GPAT activity relative to ACS or DGAT activity is greater in women (98).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The contents of ACS, DGAT, CD36, FATP1, and FABP(pm) are highly correlated, and these relationships do not differ between men and women.

    “The content of ACS, DGAT, CD36, FATP1, and FABP(pm) are highly correlated and the relationships are not different between men and women (84).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The contribution of protein-facilitated inward transport of FFA varies by tissue and by FFA concentration.

    “The contribution of protein-facilitated inward transport of FFA varies by tissue and by FFA concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [74] source
    • cites [84] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The strong interrelationships among these factors make it difficult to definitively identify causal factors for greater direct FFA storage in women for these depots, but GPAT is at least a suspect culprit.

    “These strong interrelationships make it difficult to definitively identify the causal factors for greater direct FFA storage in women for these depots, but GPAT is at least a suspect culprit.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Chronic female sex steroid deficiency increases multiple adipocyte fatty acid storage factors, which may explain greater adipose tissue FA storage in postmenopausal women.

    “Thus, chronic female sex steroid deficiency increases multiple adipocyte fatty acid storage factors, which may explain greater adipose tissue FA storage in postmenopausal women.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Greater meal-stimulated increases in adipose tissue LPL activity in women may allow more efficient chylomicron clearance, explaining the sex difference in postprandial chylomicron TG.

    “One explanation for this difference is the greater meal-stimulated increases in adipose tissue LPL activity in women (22, 109), allowing more efficient chylomicron clearance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22] source
    • cites [109] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When a high fat, high energy meal is consumed, males oxidize a greater proportion of meal fatty acids than similarly aged females, whereas females store a greater fraction of the excess meal FA in leg adipose tissue.

    “When a high fat, high energy meal is consumed, males (~31 y) oxidize a greater proportion of meal fatty acids than similarly aged females (22), whereas females store a greater fraction of the excess meal FA in leg adipose tissue”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After 8 weeks of overfeeding resulting in a 3 kg fat gain in lean participants, both males and females increased carbohydrate oxidation, but only in females was this accompanied by suppressed fat oxidation.

    “after 8 weeks of overfeeding resulting in a 3 kg fat gain in lean participants, both males and females increased carbohydrate oxidation, but only in females was this accompanied by suppressed fat oxidation (109).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [109] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The relationship between endogenous glucose production and fat-free mass is not ratio-standard (slope of 1.0, intercept of 0), so dividing glucose appearance rates by FFM may lead to incorrect conclusions if groups are grossly mismatched for FFM.

    “However, the relationship is not ratio-standard (slope of 1.0, intercept of 0), therefore dividing glucose appearance rates by FFM may lead to incorrect conclusions if the groups are grossly mismatched for FFM.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The effects of menopause on meal fat oxidation appear to be a chronic effect, because acute female sex steroid withdrawal of about 4 weeks did not alter postprandial fat oxidation.

    “It should be noted that, the effects of menopause on meal fat oxidation appear to be a chronic effect, because acute female sex steroid withdrawal of ~ 4 weeks did not alter postprandial fat oxidation (114).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [114] Pomerantz HZ, 1959, Can Med Assoc J

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Women demonstrate greater FFA oxidation and non-oxidative disposal than men.

    “Women demonstrate greater FFA oxidation and non-oxidative disposal.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lesser storage of meal fat in subcutaneous fat of males may be because they have less body fat than females or because they oxidize more dietary fat and store it in a larger visceral depot.

    “The lesser storage of meal fat in the subcutaneous fat of males may be because they have less body fat than females or because they oxidize more dietary fat and store it in a larger, visceral depot.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Short-term weight gain does not affect meal fat storage into abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, but increases meal fat storage in thigh fat of males.

    “For example, although short term weight gain does not affect meal fat storage into the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, meal fat storage in thigh fat of males increases (109).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [109] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In females with obesity, meal FA storage is more efficient in visceral than subcutaneous fat, except in those with large amounts of visceral fat; efficiency decreases as visceral fat mass increases.

    “A study by Votruba et al (90) that examine meal FA storage of females with obesity showed that meal FA is more efficient in visceral than in subcutaneous fat, except in those with large amounts of visceral fat; the efficiency of meal FA storage decreases as a function of visceral fat mass.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Typical sex differences in body fat distribution, with more leg fat in women and more visceral fat in men, begin at puberty.

    “The typical sex-differences in body fat distribution, including greater amount of leg fat in women and visceral fat in men, begin to develop at puberty (111).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Direct FFA storage into subcutaneous adipose tissue continues in the postprandial state and is 2-3 times greater than in the postabsorptive state in lean men and women.

    “Direct FFA storage into subcutaneous adipose tissue continues to take place in the postprandial state and, in lean men and women, has be observed to be 2-3 x greater than in the postabsorptive state (146).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [146] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In females with obesity given a mixed meal providing 40% REE, proportional meal fat storage is greater in upper body subcutaneous fat than lower body subcutaneous fat and much greater than in visceral fat.

    “In females with obesity given a mixed meal providing 40% REE, proportional meal fat storage is likewise greater in upper body subcutaneous fat than lower body subcutaneous fat and much greater than in visceral fat (90).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Additional factors beyond LPL determine adipose meal FA storage, because LPL activity is lower in abdominal than femoral adipose tissue while meal FA storage is generally more efficient in abdominal subcutaneous fat.

    “There must be additional factors that determine adipose meal FA storage, however, because LPL activity is less in abdominal than femoral adipose tissue (145), whereas meal FA storage is generally more efficient in abdominal subcutaneous fat.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [145] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Skeletal muscle comprises 40-50% of lean body mass in normal weight adults and is the most abundant organ in the body.

    “Comprising 40-50% of lean body mass in normal weight adults, skeletal muscle is the most abundant organ in the body (148).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Extended excess energy intake leads to increased carbohydrate oxidation in both sexes but suppresses fat oxidation only in women.

    “Extended excess energy intake leads to increased carbohydrate oxidation in both sexes but suppress fat oxidation only in women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The 47% greater femoral muscle glucose uptake in women suggests they are inherently more insulin sensitive.

    “These investigators found that women had 47% greater femoral muscle glucose uptake than men (157), suggesting they are inherently more insulin sensitive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [157] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Skeletal muscle is an integral regulator of whole-body metabolism as a central determinant of total daily energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis.

    “Physiologically, skeletal muscle not only plays a significant role in maintaining posture, movement, and vital actions, skeletal muscle is also an integral regulator of whole-body metabolism as a central determinant of total daily energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis (148, 149).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [148] source
    • cites [149] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    PET approaches to measure glucose uptake directly at the muscle overcome virtually all of these issues.

    “However, the use of PET approaches to measure glucose uptake directly at the level of the muscle overcomes virtually all of these issues.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Few studies have reported on sex differences in postprandial muscle glucose uptake.

    “Unfortunately, few studies have reported on sex differences in postprandial muscle glucose uptake.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    Feeding state is one of the most influential factors in exercise metabolism.

    “Feeding State: One of the most influential factors in exercise metabolism is whether nutrients are ingested just before or during exercise.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Feeding state is one of the most influential factors in exercise metabolism.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Women may clear chylomicrons more effectively due to greater LPL activity.

    “Women may clear efficient chylomicrons more effectively due to greater LPL activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Lack of body composition and fitness data in those participants made it harder to account for confounding variables.

    “Unfortunately, the lack of body composition and fitness data of the participants was not presented, making it harder to account for confounding variables.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Postmenopausal women show reduced postprandial fat oxidation compared to premenopausal women, suggesting a chronic effect of female sex hormones.

    “Postmenopausal women show reduced postprandial fat oxidation compared to premenopausal women, suggesting a chronic effect of female sex hormones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Males generally have higher postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations.

    “Males generally have higher postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Both sexes show similar suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis in response to meals, with some studies indicating greater suppression in women.

    “Both sexes show similar suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis in response to meals, with some studies indicating greater suppression in women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Bessesen et al, postmenopausal females had significantly less leg fat mass and were ten years older than premenopausal females.

    “Differences between the two studies that might explain these contrasting findings were that in the study by Bessesen et al (116) postmenopausal had significantly less leg fat mass than premenopausal females and were ten years older.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [116] source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Timing of measurements and treatment approaches may explain differences in testosterone effects on meal fat storage.

    “These investigators measured adipose meal fat storage 4 hours after ingestion of the isotope-labeled test meal; thus, the timing of measurements and treatment approaches may explain the differences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    At greater intensities, carbohydrate utilization surpasses fat utilization, known as the crossover point.

    “At greater intensities, carbohydrate utilization surpasses fat utilization, commonly known as “crossover point” (186).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [186] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    When exercise types and subjects are matched for fitness, women appear to have greater proportional lipid oxidation than men during cycling at lower aerobic exercise intensities, but as intensity rises, substrate oxidation patterns become similar.

    “When we consider exercise types and subjects matched for fitness, women appear to have greater proportional lipid oxidation than men during cycling at lower aerobic exercise intensities. However, as exercise intensity rises, women and men have similar substrate oxidation patterns (Figure 8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some aerobic endurance studies reported increased plasma glycerol concentrations in women, but fitness levels were not matched.

    “Some studies on aerobic endurance have reported increased plasma glycerol concentrations in women, although fitness levels were not matched (167).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [167] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fatty acid oxidation can increase to 5-10 times above resting levels, peaking at approximately 65% VO2peak, typically resulting in an RER of ~0.85.

    “Fatty acid oxidation can increase to 5–10 times above resting levels, peaking at approximately 65% of V̇O2peak. This typically will result in a RER of ~0.85 (187).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [187] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    HRT is reported to increase resting RER but does not appear to alter RER during high-intensity running in postmenopausal women.

    “Surprisingly, although HRT is reported to increase resting RER, it does not appear to alter RER during high-intensity running in postmenopausal women (209).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [209] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Different exercise types can induce metabolism differently.

    “Different exercise types can induce metabolism differently.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Different exercise types can induce metabolism differently.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Concurrent esterification of FFAs into imTG adds complexity because not all FFAs are oxidized; some are used for new imTG synthesis.

    “The concurrent esterification of FFAs into imTG adds more complexity (218), as not all FFAs are oxidized; some are used for new imTG synthesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    The FFA-to-glycerol ratio gives a rough indication of the relative contributions of different lipid sources.

    “FFA to glycerol ratio: This ratio provides a rough estimate of the relative contributions of different lipid sources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    When imTG hydrolysis supplies fatty acids to muscle mitochondria, myocytes oxidize fatty acids and release only glycerol, lowering the plasma FFA-to-glycerol ratio.

    “However, when accelerated imTG hydrolysis contributes FA from local stores to muscle mitochondria, myocytes oxidize fatty acids and release only glycerol, which decreases plasma FFA to glycerol ratio.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Divergent lactate profiles may suggest mismatched fitness levels and/or exercise intensities.

    “Divergent lactate profiles may suggest mismatched fitness levels and/or exercise intensities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    A substantial number of studies examining sex differences predominantly involve trained and elite cohorts, so generalizability to sedentary to moderately fit individuals is questionable.

    “Secondly, a substantial number of studies examining sex differences predominantly involve trained and elite cohorts. Therefore, the generalizability of the current literature to sedentary to moderately fit individuals remains questionable.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Greater lactate concentrations in postmenopausal women on HRT may indicate different fitness levels between groups.

    “However, the greater lactate concentrations in postmenopausal on HRT may indicate different fitness levels between groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Research on sex differences in substrate utilization during exercise in postmenopausal women is limited.

    “Research on sex differences in substrate utilization during exercise in postmenopausal women is limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In fed-state exercise, some studies indicate women exhibit lower RER and greater lipid oxidation, while others report similar RER, lipid, and carbohydrate oxidation rates between men and women.

    “Some studies indicate that women exhibit a lower RER (166, 170, 179, 210–212) and greater lipid oxidation during exercise (166, 199, 211–214). The others reported similar RER (81, 82, 171, 173, 181, 182, 188, 192, 215 ), lipid (82, 162, 171, 191, 195, 196, 215, 216) and carbohydrate (171, 173, 182, 213) oxidation rates between men and women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [166] source
    • cites [170] source
    • cites [179] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Toth et al reported similar RER patterns between postmenopausal women and similar-age men, though fitness levels between sexes are open to interpretation.

    “In contrast, Toth et al. reported similar RER patterns between postmenopausal women and similar age men, though fitness levels between sexes are open to interpretation (208).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [208] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The FFA:glycerol ratio was greater in untrained women than untrained men, but this difference disappeared between trained men and women.

    “In addition, while the FFA: glycerol ratio was greater in untrained women compared to untrained men, these discrepancies disappeared between trained men and women (169).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [169] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Catecholamine secretion in response to exercise markedly stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis.

    “The catecholamine secretion in response to an exercise markedly stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    β-adrenergic receptor stimulation activates adenylyl cyclase, generating cAMP, which activates PKA to engage lipolytic proteins.

    “The stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors activates adenylyl cyclase, generating cAMP, which in turn activates PKA to fully engage the lipolytic proteins.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    One study found greater glycerol concentrations in elite athletic men.

    “and one study noted greater glycerol concentrations in elite athletic men (179).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [179] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because maximal lipolysis capacity does not always determine submaximal activity rates, extrapolating from in vitro to in vivo exercise conditions is difficult.

    “Because maximal lipolysis capacity does not always determine activity rates under submaximal conditions, it is difficult to extrapolate from in vitro to in vivo conditions during exercise.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Under fasting conditions, insulin concentrations tend to decrease with exercise while sympathetic nervous system activity can be massively activated.

    “Under fasting conditions, insulin concentrations tend to drift down with exercise, whereas sympathetic nervous system activity can be massively activated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Muscle LPL mRNA abundance was greater in women than men and remained stable in both sexes after a single fasting exercise bout.

    “The abundance of muscle LPL mRNA was greater in women than in men and it remained stable in both sexes following a single bout of exercise during fasting (194).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [194] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Discrepancies in glucose appearance/production rates might stem from differences in liver glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, or both.

    “The discrepancies might stem from differences in liver glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, or both.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Concurrent esterification of FFA into imTG during exercise adds complexity and necessitates muscle biopsy assessments.

    “Additionally the concurrent esterification of FFA into imTG during exercise (218) adds more complexity, necessitating muscle biopsy assessments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    FFA:glycerol ratio studies in fasting exercise show trained women have a higher ratio than men, while untrained populations show similar ratios between sexes.

    “Research using FFA: glycerol ratios to examine sexual disparities in fat depot utilization during exercise in fasting state has revealed that trained women have a higher ratio than men, whereas it is similar between sexes in untrained populations (169).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [169] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    One fed-state study demonstrated increased imTG interaction with mitochondria in women, negatively correlated with plasma FFA concentration.

    “Limited data on imTG utilization during fed state comes from one study, which demonstrated increased imTG interaction with mitochondria in women during fed state, negatively correlated with plasma FFA concentration (199).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [199] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In fasting exercise, some authors reported increased skeletal muscle LPL activity in men, while others reported similar and stable LPL activity in both sexes.

    “In fasting state exercise, it was noted that some authors reported increased skeletal muscle LPL activity in men (174), the others reported similar and stable LPL activity in both sexes (194).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [174] source
    • cites [194] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During fed-state exercise, some studies indicated similar plasma glucose concentrations between sexes, while others reported lower concentrations in women.

    “During exercise in fed state, while some studies indicated similar plasma glucose concentrations between sexes (166, 182, 213) or others reported less concentrations in women (179, 241).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [166] source
    • cites [182] source
    • cites [213] source
    • cites [179] source
    • cites [241] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    VLDL-TG oxidation during exercise is very limited and similar in men and women.

    “The contribution of VLDL-TG oxidation during exercise was found to be very limited and similar in both men and women (93).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    On a high carbohydrate diet, men used more glycogen during exercise than women, while glycogen use was similar between sexes on a low carbohydrate diet.

    “On high carbohydrate diet, use of glycogen in men during exercise was greater than in women; while glycogen use is similar in both sexes when they were on low carbohydrate diet (179).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [179] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resting mRNA abundance, protein content, and maximal activity of SCHAD were similar in men and women, with no correlation with RER during endurance exercise.

    “Resting mRNA abundance, protein content, and maximal activity of short-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) were reported similar in men and women (166, 199, 212) with no correlation with RER values during endurance exercise (212).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [166] source
    • cites [199] source
    • cites [212] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Despite increased intracellular AMP/ATP ratio in exercising men, the total ratio was not different from women.

    “Despite increased intracellular AMP/ATP ratio in exercising men, the total ratio was not different than women (177).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [177] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resting levels of PPAR proteins showed no sex disparity and no correlation with RER during exercise.

    “The resting levels of these proteins showed no disparity between sexes and no correlation with RER during exercise (212).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [212] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Costill et al. observed similar lipid oxidation in female and male runners at matched intensities, but ex-vivo experiments showed lower maximal muscle 14C-palmitoyl CoA oxidation and succinate dehydrogenase activity in female athletes.

    “Although Costill et al. observed similar lipid oxidation in female and male runners exercising at matched intensities; their ex-vivo experiments revealed lower maximal muscle 14C-palmitoyl CoA oxidation and succinate dehydrogenase activity in female athletes (26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SCAD enzyme activity increased more in men after endurance training, but absolute values did not differ significantly between sexes.

    “Although SCAD enzyme activity increased more in men after endurance training, there were no significant differences in absolute values between both sexes (166, 199).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [166] source
    • cites [199] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Under fasting conditions, Perreault et al. noted greater non-oxidative glucose disposal in men during endurance exercise, while women tended to have greater glucose uptake rates, yet serum lactate concentrations were similar between sexes.

    “Under fasting conditions, Perreault et al. noted greater non-oxidative glucose disposal in men during endurance exercise, while women tended to have greater glucose uptake rates, yet serum lactate concentrations were similar between the sexes (174).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [174] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The literature on molecular sex differences during exercise is limited and emphasizes transcript levels over proteins and functionality.

    “The available literature on molecular distinctions between men and women during exercise is somewhat constrained, with a predominant emphasis on transcript levels over proteins and their functionality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Men and women had similar resting mRNA levels for VLCAD and MCAD, but women had higher protein content for both enzymes.

    “Regarding beta oxidation in skeletal muscle, men and women exhibited similar resting mRNA levels for very long chain (VLCAD) and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), yet women displayed higher protein content for both enzymes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    AMPK mediates exercise-triggered muscle glucose uptake by stimulating GLUT4 translocation to the skeletal muscle cell membrane.

    “AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates exercise-triggered muscle glucose uptake by stimulating GLUT4 translocation to the skeletal muscle cell membrane (249–251).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [249] source
    • cites [250] source
    • cites [251] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Under conditions of adequate muscle glycogen, AMPK activity is inhibited, which might cause different glucose uptake rates with different muscle glycogen amounts.

    “Of note, under conditions of adequate muscle glycogen AMPK activity is inhibited, that might cause different glucose uptake rates in different muscle glycogen amounts (256).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [256] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Intracellular AMP/ATP ratio and phosphorylation by upstream kinases can increase AMPK activity.

    “Intracellular AMP/ATP ratio and phosphorylation by upstream kinases can increase AMPK activity (252, 253).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [252] source
    • cites [253] source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Not all investigators report findings by sex, leaving unanswered questions.

    “Unfortunately, not all investigators report their findings by sex, which leaves us with some unanswered questions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Men have more muscle glycogen stores, but glycogen usage is often comparable between sexes.

    “More muscle glycogen store in men however glycogen usage is often comparable”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The impact of sex hormones on lipid metabolism is better understood, but failing to take this information into account could lead to inconsistent results for measures of fat storage and oxidation.

    “The impact of sex hormones on lipid metabolism is better understood, but failing to take this information into account could lead to inconsistent results for measures of fat storage and oxidation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Although basal metabolic rates and substrate oxidation rates tend to be similar between sexes after accounting for body composition, women preferentially store fatty acids in adipose tissue and muscle, indicating more efficient fatty acid handling mechanisms.

    “Although basal metabolic rates and substrate oxidation rates tend to be similar between sexes after accounting for body composition, women preferentially store fatty acids in adipose tissue and muscle, indicating a more efficient fatty acid handling mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Methodological inconsistencies, such as normalizing glucose production rates to fat-free mass without proper group matching, may lead to inaccurate conclusions.

    “and methodological inconsistencies, such as normalizing glucose production rates to fat-free mass without proper group matching, may lead to inaccurate conclusions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There was no sex difference in glycogen use in type 2a fibers, but glycogen reduction in type 1 fibers was more profound in men after exercise.

    “While there was no sex difference in glycogen use was in type 2a fibers, glycogen reduction in type 1 fibers more profound in men after exercise (183).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [183] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Glycerol and FFA turnover appear similar between sexes, although men have greater rates of plasma FFA oxidation; the relative contribution of FFA oxidation to total oxidative metabolism has yet to be defined.

    “Glycerol and FFA turnover appear similar between sexes, although men have greater rates of plasma FFA oxidation; the relative contribution of FFA oxidation to total oxidative metabolism has yet to be defined.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This is likely an effect of chronic female sex steroid deficiency, because acute estrogen deficiency does not alter oxidation rates.

    “This is likely an effect of chronic female sex steroid deficiency, because acute estrogen deficiency does not alter oxidation rates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Hormone replacement therapy increases RER at rest, but does not alter RER during high-intensity exercise.

    “Hormone replacement therapy increases RER at rest, but does not alter RER during high-intensity exercise.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Post-exercise, women exhibit enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis and increased expression of lipid-binding proteins and fatty acid oxidation enzymes.

    “Post-exercise, women exhibit enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis and increased expression of lipid-binding proteins and fatty acid oxidation enzymes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The reported differences are of such magnitude and nature that understanding them can allow advances in personalized medicine in health and disease.

    “The reported differences are of such a magnitude and nature that understanding them can allow for advances in personalized medicine in health and disease.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The reported sex differences in substrate metabolism are large and important enough that understanding them can advance personalized medicine.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Methodological limitations, such as variability in designs, fasting status, exercise intensity and duration, and definitions of fitness levels, as well as inconsistent descriptions, complicate interpretation of results.

    “Methodological limitations, such as variability in designs, fasting status, exercise intensity and duration, and definitions of fitness levels, as well as inconsistent descriptions (e.g., reporting only transcript levels without defining protein activity), complicate the interpretation of results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Research in lipid and VLDL metabolism is constrained by inconsistent data on sex-specific differences in hepatic fatty acid uptake and VLDL-TG storage.

    “However, research in lipid and VLDL metabolism is constrained by inconsistent data on sex-specific differences in hepatic fatty acid uptake and VLDL-TG storage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Postmenopausal women have greater concentrations of postprandial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, a pattern not observed in men with testosterone deficiency.

    “Postmenopausal women have greater concentrations of postprandial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, a pattern not observed in men with testosterone deficiency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    During low intensity exercise lipid oxidation rates are greater in women than men, while substrate oxidation patterns converge at higher intensity exercise.

    “During low intensity exercise lipid oxidation rates are greater in women than men, while substrate oxidation patterns converge at higher intensity exercise.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Men have higher muscle glycogen stores and increased glucose flux, although glycogen utilization rates are similar between sexes.

    “Conversely, men have higher muscle glycogen stores and increased glucose flux, although glycogen utilization rates are similar between sexes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    While existing data provides valuable insights into sex-specific metabolic differences, significant gaps remain in our understanding.

    “While existing data provides valuable insights into sex-specific metabolic differences, significant gaps remain in our understanding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Women tend to store a greater proportion of dietary fat in subcutaneous tissue and demonstrate more efficient chylomicron clearance.

    “Women tend to store a greater proportion of dietary fat in subcutaneous tissue and demonstrate more efficient chylomicron clearance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The role of sex hormones in fatty acid storage remains inadequately defined.

    “while the role of sex hormones in fatty acid storage remains inadequately defined.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Postmenopausal women have reduced postprandial fatty acid oxidation, likely influenced by chronic changes in female sex steroids.

    “Postmenopausal women have reduced postprandial fatty acid oxidation, likely influenced by chronic changes in female sex steroids.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Under postabsorptive conditions, postmenopausal women have greater direct FFA storage rates in femoral adipose tissue compared to premenopausal women, supported by elevated and coregulated CD36, ACS, and DGAT activity.

    “Under postabsorptive conditions, postmenopausal women have greater direct FFA storage rates in femoral adipose tissue compared to premenopausal women, supported by elevated and coregulated CD36, ACS, and DGAT activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
145 of 145

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The majority of sex differences in substrate metabolism are caused by increases in sex steroids at puberty.

    “Clearly, the majority of these differences are the result of major increases in sex steroids that occur with puberty.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Adult males and females have markedly different body composition, energy expenditure, and risk for metabolic diseases.

    “Adult males and females have markedly different body composition, energy expenditure, and have different degrees of risk for metabolic diseases.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    At a given BMI, men have more skeletal muscle and less body fat than women.

    “At a given BMI, men have more skeletal muscle and less body fat resulting in differences in energy expenditure relative to body weight.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    On average, women have more body fat, more lower body fat, and less visceral fat than men.

    “On average, women have more body fat, more lower body fat and less visceral fat than men.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The primary circulating regulators of adipose tissue lipolysis in humans are insulin and catecholamines.

    “The primary circulating regulators of adipose tissue lipolysis in humans are insulin and catecholamines”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Under postabsorptive conditions, virtually all circulating FFA come from adipose tissue.

    “under postabsorptive conditions virtually all circulating FFA come from adipose tissue.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Visceral fat drains into the portal vein, exposing the liver directly to its lipolysis products.

    “Visceral fat is unique because it’s venous drainage, rather than being into the systemic circulation like upper and lower body subcutaneous fat, is into the portal vein.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Men have more skeletal muscle mass than women.

    “Because men have more skeletal muscle than women”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Men have more visceral fat than women.

    “Because men have more visceral fat than women”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Women have more subcutaneous fat than men.

    “because women have more subcutaneous fat than men”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    People who gain excess weight in a male-predominant pattern are at greater risk for adverse metabolic conditions.

    “Because those who gain excess weight in a male-predominant fashion are a greater risk for adverse metabolic conditions”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    For women, skeletal muscle makes up a lesser proportion of lean body mass than in men.

    “Another concern is that for women, skeletal muscle makes up a lesser proportion of lean body mass than in men.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Postprandial blood glucose concentrations and glucose metabolism are regulated by intestinal glucose absorption, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and glucose effectiveness.

    “Postprandial blood glucose concentrations and metabolism of glucose are regulated by intestinal glucose absorption, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness (the ability of glucose to drive cellular uptake independent of insulin).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Feeding state is one of the most influential factors in exercise metabolism.

    “Feeding State: One of the most influential factors in exercise metabolism is whether nutrients are ingested just before or during exercise.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Different exercise types can induce metabolism differently.

    “Different exercise types can induce metabolism differently.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    If adipocytes were the only lipid source, the plasma FFA-to-glycerol ratio during exercise would be 3:1.

    “Ideally, if adipocytes were the only lipid source, a 3:1 ratio of plasma FFA to glycerol would be expected during exercise.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The reported sex differences in substrate metabolism are large and important enough that understanding them can advance personalized medicine.

    “The reported differences are of such a magnitude and nature that understanding them can allow for advances in personalized medicine in health and disease.”
17 of 17

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conclusion reverses the adjusted basal metabolic rate finding

    Major

    The paper says women have a lower basal metabolic rate even after adjustment for body composition, but the conclusion says adjusted basal metabolic rates tend to be similar between sexes.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Yoshida T, 1994, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 18, 345
  2. Gregory S, 2011, J Sports Sci Med, 10, 59
  3. Pomerantz HZ, 1959, Can Med Assoc J, 80, 362
  4. Paula FJ, 1990, Diabete Metab, 16, 234
  5. Lima-Silva AE, 2010, J Sports Sci Med, 9, 31
  6. Bogdanis GC, 2008, J Sports Sci Med, 7, 525

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Costa, D. N., Santosa, S., & Jensen, M. D.
Affiliations
  • Mayo Clinic (US)
  • Concordia University (CA)
Corresponding author
  • Costa, Damla N.
  • Santosa, Sylvia
  • Jensen, Michael D.
ORCID
Venue
Physiological Reviews
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
2025-07-01
Volume
105
Issue
3
Pages
897-934
ISSN
  • 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-1210
DOI
10.1152/physrev.00008.2024
PMC
PMC12139471
OpenAlex
W4406865855
Cited by
34
References
259
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 13
FWCI
4.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK40484, DK45343, 5T32DK007352-44)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords
sex differences, glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid storage, glucose storage, physical activity, fasting, circadian regulation, energy expenditure, body composition, sexual dimorphism
MeSH terms
Adipose Tissue, Energy Metabolism, Fatty Acids, Female, Glucose, Humans, Lipolysis, Male, Sex Characteristics, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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