The BASES Expert Statement on Exercise, Immunity, and Infection
Open accessAbstract
An individual's level of physical activity influences their risk of infection, most likely by affecting immune function. Regular moderate exercise reduces the risk of infection compared with a sedentary lifestyle, but very prolonged bouts of exercise and periods of intensified training are associated with an increased risk of infection. There are several lifestyle, nutritional, and training strategies that can be adopted to limit the extent of exercise-induced immunodepression and minimize the risk of infection. This expert statement provides a background summarizing the evidence together with extensive conclusions and practical guidelines.
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A U- or J-shaped relationship between exercise and infection risk, inversely proportional to immune competence, has been proposed.
“Generally acute and chronic exercise is thought to be beneficial for immune function, however a U- or J-shaped relationship with infection risk, that is inversely proportional to immune competence, has been proposed (Gleeson and Walsh 2012; Walsh et al. 2011a, b).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Gleeson and Walsh 2012
Generally acute and chronic exercise is thought to be beneficial for immune function.
“Generally acute and chronic exercise is thought to be beneficial for immune function, however a U- or J-shaped relationship with infection risk, that is inversely proportional to immune competence, has been proposed (Gleeson and Walsh 2012; Walsh et al. 2011a, b).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Gleeson and Walsh 2012
Long-duration one-off bouts of exercise and weeks or months of very high-intensity long-duration athletic training are associated with an increased risk of certain infections, suggesting compromised immunity.
“Conversely, some evidence shows that long-duration one-off bouts of exercise (e.g., marathon running, especially if this is unaccustomed) and weeks or months of very high-intensity long-duration athletic training, sometimes referred to as “overreaching” or “over-training”, are associated with an increased risk of certain infections, suggesting compromised immunity (Bonini et al. 2015; Derman et al”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Gleeson and Walsh 2012
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- Authors
- Gleeson, M., & Walsh, N. P.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gleeson, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 321-324
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2076967717
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.lboro.ac.uk
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- physical activity, immune function, infection risk, sedentary lifestyle, prolonged exercise, exercise intensity, nutrition, infection control
- MeSH terms
- Female, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Immunity, Male, Respiratory Tract Infections, Exercise
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