Seasonal DXA-Measured Body Composition Changes in Professional Male Soccer Players
Abstract
This work investigated changes in body composition of professional soccer players attending an Italian Serie A club across the competitive season; it is original insofar as body composition was assessed at multiple time points across the season using the accurate three-compartment model provided by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Thirty-one players (4 goalkeepers, 13 defenders, 8 midfielders, 6 forwards) underwent DXA and anthropometry at pre-, mid- and end-season. One operator measured whole body and regional body composition (fat mass, FM; fat-free soft tissue mass, FFSTM; mineral mass). Two players were excluded from analysis due to serious injury. Data were analysed with repeated measures ANOVA; factors were season time point and playing position. Results showed that whole-body FM and %FM significantly (P < 0.001) decrease at mid-season (-11.9%; -1.3%, respectively) and end-season (-8.3%; -0.8%, respectively) whereas FFSTM significantly (P < 0.001) increase at mid-season (+1.3%) and end-season (+1.5%). Limited, but significant changes took place in bone mineral content. Some regional (upper and lower limbs, trunk) differences in the pattern of body composition changes across the season were also found. Changes were similar for all playing positions. It was concluded that professional soccer players undergo changes in their FM, FFSTM, and mineral mass across the season with some regional variations, irrespective of the playing position. Changes are mostly positive at mid-season, possibly due to difference in training between the first and second phase of the season.
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DXA, although considered the gold standard method, has limitations that can affect calculations of measurements, such as subject dimensions, high economic cost, experience needed, and software updates.
“In relation to DXA, although it is considered the gold standard method, it has limitations that can affect the calculations of the measurements, such as the dimensions of the subject to be analyzed (both in height and width), the high economic cost, the experience needed for processing and interpreting the results, or software updates with new algorithms to calculate body composition [6,8,75,107].”
From Body Composition of Male Professional Soccer Players Using Different Measurement Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
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- Authors
- Milanese, C., Cavedon, V., Corradini, G., De Vita, F., & Zancanaro, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Verona (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Milanese, Chiara
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-03-16
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1219-1228
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W1971430775
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 6.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Verona
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Keywords
- body composition, professional football players, fat mass, bone mineral content, regional body composition, playing position, seasonal variation, training load, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Composition, Competitive Behavior, Humans, Male, Soccer, Time Factors, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Distribution, Young Adult
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