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Cited by 66Body Composition Measurement TechniquesSports Performance and TrainingSports injuries and prevention

Body Composition of Male Professional Soccer Players Using Different Measurement Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Open access
Sebastiá-Rico, Jaime, Soriano, Jose M., González-Gálvez, Noelia, Martínez-Sanz, José Miguel·2023·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu15051160PMC PMC10005265
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Abstract

The performance of male soccer players (MSP) depends on multiple factors such as body composition. The physical demands of modern soccer have changed, so the ideal body composition (BC) requirements must be adapted to the present. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe the anthropometric, BC, and somatotype characteristics of professional MSP and to compare the values reported according to the methods and equations used. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science following the PRISMA statement. Random-effects meta-analysis, a pooled summary of means, and 95% CI (method or equation) were calculated. Random models were used with the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. Seventy-four articles were included in the systematic review and seventy-three in the meta-analysis. After comparing the groups according to the assessment method (kinanthropometry, bioimpedance, and densitometry), significant differences were found in height, fat mass in kilograms, fat mass percentage, and fat-free mass in kilograms (p = 0.001; p < 0.0001). Taking into account the equation used to calculate the fat mass percentage and ∑skinfolds, significant differences were observed in the data reported according to groups (p < 0.001). Despite the limitations, this study provides useful information that could help medical technical staff to properly assess the BC of professional MSP, providing a range of guidance values for the different BC.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This systematic review and meta-analysis describes anthropometric, body composition, and somatotype characteristics of male professional soccer players and compares values by measurement method and equation. Across 74 articles (73 meta-analyzed; 5,197 players), fat mass and fat-free mass differed significantly by method and anthropometric equation, while the mean somatotype was balanced mesomorphic.

Key findings

  • Pooled means were age 24.50 years, height 179.76 cm, weight 76.29 kg, fat mass 12.48 kg and 11.85%, fat-free mass 66.10 kg and 81.36%, and muscle mass 39.28 kg and 52.03%; somatotype means were endomorphy 2.32, ectomorphy 2.32, and mesomorphy 5.15, indicating balanced mesomorphy.
  • Significant differences by assessment method were found for height (p = 0.001; BIA highest), fat mass in kg (p < 0.0001; anthropometry highest), fat mass percentage (p < 0.0001; DXA highest), and fat-free mass in kg (p = 0.0004; anthropometry highest); no significant differences were found for age (p = 0.45), weight (p = 0.11), fat-free mass percentage (p = 0.59), muscle mass in kg (p = 0.37), or muscle mass percentage (p = 0.38).
  • For fat mass percentage equations, the mean was 10.19%, with significant differences between equations (p < 0.001); Durnin and Womersley 1974 and Faulkner 1968 gave the highest values, while Carter 1982 and Yuhasz 1974 gave the lowest. For sum of skinfolds, Equation 5 averaged 52.18 mm and Equation 6 averaged 59.93 mm.
  • Other pooled values included bone mineral content 3.17 kg, bone mineral density 1.33 g/cm³, and body water 47.52 L; the discussion reports a DXA fat mass mean of 13.46%.

Methods

  • PRISMA-based systematic review and meta-analysis; databases searched were Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science, covering 2000 to November 2021, for studies of male professional soccer players. Seventy-four articles were included in the systematic review and 73 in the meta-analysis, with a total sample of 5,197 soccer players.
  • Random-effects meta-analysis used sample size, mean, and standard deviation; pooled summary means and 95% CIs were calculated by method or equation, using restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Heterogeneity was measured with I² (high if I² ≥ 75%), and significance was set at p < 0.05. Study quality was assessed with the AHRQ Methodology Checklist, and Egger’s test was performed only when at least 10 studies were included.

Limitations

  • The paper states that heterogeneity in body-composition equations, season timing, playing positions, and measurement instruments made comparisons difficult; not all anthropometry studies specified the measurement protocol; no limiting criteria were applied for BIA or DXA instruments, risking combination of tetrapolar/octapolar and single/multi-frequency BIA values; and countries differ in professional level, FIFA ranking, economic level, facilities, and physical demands.
  • The paper states that Egger’s test has limited ability to detect bias when a meta-analysis is based on a small number of studies, so it was only performed when at least 10 studies were included.
  • Evident from the text: pooled estimates combine heterogeneous methods and equations, and some subgroup analyses may rest on few studies; DXA is described as the gold standard but with limitations such as subject dimensions, cost, processing/interpretation experience, and software updates that can affect calculations.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu15051160

Cites

106 of 106 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 41 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    There were significant differences in percentage FM according to equation groups (p < 0.001).

    “with significant differences in the data reported according to groups (p < 0.001)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The total sample of the review was 5197 soccer players.

    “The sample comprising the different articles included in the review amounted to a total of 5197 soccer players.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The pooled mean fat mass was 12.48 kg.

    “12.48 kg of FM”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There were no significant differences between assessment methods in percentage of FFM (p = 0.59).

    “percentage of FFM (p = 0.59)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The pooled mean fat mass percentage was 11.85%.

    “11.85% of FM”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 33
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 32

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most commonly used sum of skinfolds formula was the sum of six skinfolds (n = 4), followed by the sum of eight folds (n = 3).

    “As for the sum of skinfolds, the most commonly used formulas were the sum of six skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinale, abdominal, mid-thigh, and calf) (n = 4) [22,32,34,45], followed by the sum of eight folds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, mid-thigh, and calf) (n = 3) [31,40,41].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most commonly used BIA models were the Tanita BC 418 MA (n = 5), Akern BIA 101 (n = 4), and Tanita TBF 543 (n = 2).

    “For BIA, the most commonly used models were the Tanita BC 418 MA (n = 5) [58,62,64,67,86], Akern BIA 101 (n = 4) [57,65,84,85], and Tanita TBF 543 (n = 2) [52,60].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    For BM percentage, Matiegka, 1921 and Kerr, 1988 were used equally (n = 1 each).

    “Finally, for the percentage of bone mass (BM), the two equally used formulas were those of Matiegka, 1921 and Kerr, 1988 (n = 1) [44,89].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most commonly used formula for MM percentage was Matiegka, 1921 (n = 3), followed by Kerr, 1988 (n = 1).

    “In the case of the MM percentage, the most commonly used formula was Matiegka, 1921 (n = 3) [28,34,44], followed by Kerr, 1988 (n = 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Of the 38 articles using anthropometry, 19 did not specify the protocol applied.

    “the remaining 19 articles did not specify the protocol applied”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were significant differences in kilograms of FM between assessment methods, with anthropometry showing the highest value (p < 0.0001).

    “in kilograms of FM, with method 1 showing the highest value (p < 0.0001)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were no significant differences between assessment methods (anthropometry, BIA, DXA) in age (p = 0.45).

    “The comparison of the groups according to the assessment method (anthropometry, BIA, and DXA) did not show significant differences in age (p = 0.45)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most commonly used formula for percentage FM was Durnin and Womersley, 1974 (n = 10), followed by Jackson and Pollock's seven folds, 1978 (n = 6), and Faulkner, 1968 (n = 4).

    “Regarding the percentage of FM, the most commonly used formula was that of Durnin and Womersley, 1974 (n = 10) [19,21,23,24,25,26,31,48,87,89], followed by Jackson and Pollock’s seven folds, 1978 (n = 6) [36,39,46,47,87,89], and Faulkner, 1968 (n = 4) [27,34,37,89].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The pooled mean age of the sample was 24.50 years.

    “The sample had a mean age of 24.50 years old”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Of the 38 articles using anthropometry, 15 used the ISAK protocol.

    “Of the 38 articles included in which anthropometry was used as a method of assessment, 15 used the ISAK protocol”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were significant differences in kilograms of FFM between assessment methods, with anthropometry showing the highest value (p = 0.0004).

    “in kilograms of FFM, with method 1 showing the highest value (p = 0.0004)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The meta-analysis included 73 articles.

    “while 73 articles were included in the meta-analysis (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were significant differences in height between assessment methods, with BIA showing the greatest height (p = 0.001).

    “However, there were significant differences in height, with method 2 (BIA) showing the greatest height (p = 0.001)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most common DXA machine models were GE Lunar Prodigy (n = 4), Hologic QDR Series Delphi A (n = 2), Hologic QDR Series Discovery A (n = 2), and Hologic Discovery W (n = 2).

    “Lastly, the most common DXA machine models were GE Lunar Prodigy (n = 4) [73,87,89,90], Hologic QDR Series Delphi A (n = 2) [82,91], Hologic QDR Series Discovery A (n = 2) [71,76] and Hologic Discovery W (n = 2) [78,79].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were significant differences in percentage of FM between assessment methods, with DXA showing the highest value (p < 0.0001).

    “in the percentage of FM, with method 3 showing the highest value (p < 0.0001)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the present work, neither of the two proposals by Martínez-Ferran et al. were included, with Durnin and Womersley, 1974, and the sum of six skinfolds being the most widely used in the included studies.

    “In our work, neither of the two proposals by Martínez-Ferran et al. were included, with the formula from Durnin and Womersley, 1974 [104], and the sum of six skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinale, abdominal, mid-thigh, and calf) being the most widely used in the studies included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the present work, the Harpenden model was the most commonly used plicometer, followed by the Holtain and Slimguide ones.

    “In our work, the Harpenden model was the most commonly used, followed by the Holtain and Slimguide ones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Equation (6) for sum of skinfolds (triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, anterior thigh, calf) showed a value of 59.93 mm.

    “while Equation (6) (triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, anterior thigh, calf) showed a value of 59.93 mm”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There are significant differences between anthropometric formulas to assess percentage FM, with higher values in Durnin and Womersley, 1974 and Faulkner, 1968, and lower values in Yuhasz, 1974 and Carter, 1982.

    “(2) there are significant differences between the different anthropometric formulas to assess the percentage of FM, with higher values in Durnin and Womersley, 1974 and Faulkner, 1968, and lower values in Yuhasz, 1974 and Carter, 1982”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No significant differences were observed in the measurement of MM through anthropometry and BIA, with a mean of 52.03% and 39.28 kg.

    “(3) no significant differences were observed in the measurement of MM through anthropometry and BIA, with a mean of 52.03% and 39.28 kg”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Several included studies agreed with the 8-13% DXA FM range, most exceeded it, and none were below it.

    “Several of the included studies agreed with this range [71,72,73,75,76,78,90], with most of them exceeding it [74,77,79,80,81,82,83,87,88,89,91], but in no case was it below this value.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The main findings include differences in FM assessed between methods, with higher percentages using DXA followed by BIA and anthropometry, mean 11.85%.

    “The main findings of this work were: (1) there are differences in the FM assessed between the different methods, with higher percentages using DXA followed by BIA and anthropometry, with a mean value of 11.85%”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The weight of FFM was higher with anthropometry, followed by BIA and DXA, with a mean value of 66.10 kg, although no significant differences were observed in the percentage of FFM through BIA and DXA, with a mean of 82.36%.

    “(4) the weight of the FFM was higher with anthropometry, followed by BIA and DXA, with a mean value of 66.10 kg, although no significant differences were observed in the percentage of FFM through BIA and DXA, with a mean of 82.36%”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the present study, similar somatotype results were observed, with total mean endomorphy, ectomorphy, and mesomorphy values of 2.32, 2.32, and 5.15, respectively, resulting in a balanced mesomorph somatotype.

    “In our study, similar results were observed [22,28,29,30,32,38,44,45,49,85,86], although the total mean endomorphy, ectomorphy, and mesomorphy values were 2.32, 2.32, and 5.15, respectively, resulting in a balanced mesomorph somatotype.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Harpenden is the most traditionally used model in scientific research and is considered the gold standard method.

    “This coincides with the literature, as Harpenden is the most traditionally used model in scientific research, being considered the gold standard method [93,94].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [93] Lohman, 1981, Skinfold Measurement: Which Caliper? How Much Training?, J. Phys. Educ. Recreat. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Orphanidou, 1994, Accuracy of Subcutaneous Fat Measurement: Comparison of Skinfold Calipers, Ultrasound, and Computed Tomography, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several published studies point to a low correlation of FM results between BIA and DXA in professional soccer players, in contrast to some anthropometric formulas.

    “In addition, several published studies point to the existence of a low correlation of FM results between BIA and DXA in professional soccer players, in contrast to some anthropometric formulas [91,99], in agreement with the results of this work.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [91] Petri, 2018, Body Fat Assessment in Elite Soccer Players: Cross-Validation of Different Field Methods, Sci. Med. Footb. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [99] Martinez-Ferran, M., Rafei, E., Romero-Morales, C., Pérez-Ruiz, M., Lam-Meléndez, A., Munguia-Izquierdo, D., and Pareja-Galeano, H. (2022). Optimizing Field Body Fat Percentage Assessment in Professional Soccer Players. Appl. Sci., 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Martínez-Ferran et al. found that the formula proposed by Suarez-Arrones et al., 2018, and the sum of four skinfolds had the highest agreement with DXA for assessing FM in professional soccer players.

    “Recently, Martínez-Ferran et al. tested 21 professional soccer players from the Spanish league to discover which FM formula and sum of skinfolds correlated best with DXA as the gold standard method when assessing FM. The formula proposed by Suarez-Arrones et al., 2018, and the sum of four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinale, and abdominal) were found to have the highest agreement [99].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] Martinez-Ferran, M., Rafei, E., Romero-Morales, C., Pérez-Ruiz, M., Lam-Meléndez, A., Munguia-Izquierdo, D., and Pareja-Galeano, H. (2022). Optimizing Field Body Fat Percentage Assessment in Professional Soccer Players. Appl. Sci., 12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    DXA, although considered the gold standard method, has limitations that can affect calculations of measurements, such as subject dimensions, high economic cost, experience needed, and software updates.

    “In relation to DXA, although it is considered the gold standard method, it has limitations that can affect the calculations of the measurements, such as the dimensions of the subject to be analyzed (both in height and width), the high economic cost, the experience needed for processing and interpreting the results, or software updates with new algorithms to calculate body composition [6,8,75,107].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [6] Moreira, 2015, Métodos de evaluación de la composición corporal: Una revisión actualizada de descripción, aplicación, ventajas y desventajas, Arch. Med. Deporte Rev. Fed. Esp. Med. Deporte Confed. Iberoam. Med. Deporte

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Kasper, A.M., Langan-Evans, C., Hudson, J.F., Brownlee, T.E., Harper, L.D., Naughton, R.J., Morton, J.P., and Close, G.L. (2021). Come Back Skinfolds, All Is Forgiven: A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Common Body Composition Methods in Applied Sports Practice. Nutrients, 13. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [75] Milanese, 2015, Seasonal DXA-Measured Body Composition Changes in Professional Male Soccer Players, J. Sports Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [107] Petri, 2019, Field Methods to Estimate Fat-Free Mass in International Soccer Players, Int. J. Sports Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The combination of anthropometry and BIA could allow for a more complete assessment of body composition, as BIA adequately assesses water status and cell mass.

    “However, the combination of anthropometry and BIA could allow for a more complete assessment of body composition, as BIA adequately assesses water status and cell mass, thus complementing the anthropometric method [84].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Mascherini, 2015, Integrated Total Body Composition and Localized Fat-Free Mass Assessment, Sport Sci. Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During soccer practice, movements such as accelerations, changes in direction, or vertical jumps are affected by weight, so muscle training, impact loading, and body fat reduction are important in physical preparation to improve performance.

    “In fact, during soccer practice, there are a multitude of movements that are affected by weight, such as accelerations, changes in direction, or vertical jumps, so muscle training, impact loading, and body fat reduction are important in physical preparation to improve performance in soccer [71,110].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [71] Sutton, 2009, Body Composition of English Premier League Soccer Players: Influence of Playing Position, International Status, and Ethnicity, J. Sports Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [110] Chamari, 2005, Physiology of Soccer: An Update, Sports Med. Auckl. NZ source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There are many formulas for estimating body composition compartments, which are heterogeneous and not comparable with each other.

    “In addition, there are many formulas for estimating the different compartments of body composition, which have an impact on the results obtained, and which are heterogeneous and not comparable with each other [97,98].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [97] Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., Albaladejo-Saura, M., Luna-Badachi, A.E., and Esparza-Ros, F. (2020). Differences in Fat Mass Estimation Formulas in Physically Active Adult Population and Relationship with Sums of Skinfolds. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [98] Cabañas, M.D., and Esparza, F. (2009). Compendio de Cineantropometría, CTO Editorial.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Optimal physique varies according to playing position, physiology, and style of play depending on the team and/or coach.

    “This does not necessarily translate into poorer performance, as optimal physique varies according to playing position, physiology, and style of play depending on the team and/or coach [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Collins, J., Maughan, R.J., Gleeson, M., Bilsborough, J., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J.P., Phillips, S.M., Armstrong, L., Burke, L.M., and Close, G.L. (2021). UEFA Expert Group Statement on Nutrition in Elite Football. Current Evidence to Inform Practical Recommendations and Guide Future Research. Br. J. Sports Med., 55. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The physical demands of elite soccer players have been increasing in recent decades in amount of training/competitions, intensity of effort, and shorter recovery periods.

    “Moreover, the physical demands of elite soccer players have been increasing in recent decades, not only in the amount of training and/or competitions, but also in the intensity of effort during matches, and a shorter recovery period between competitions or training sessions [14,112,113].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] Wallace, 2014, Evolution of World Cup Soccer Final Games 1966-2010: Game Structure, Speed and Play Patterns, J. Sci. Med. Sport source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [112] Nassis, 2020, Elite Football of 2030 Will Not Be the Same as That of 2020: Preparing Players, Coaches, and Support Staff for the Evolution, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [113] Silva, J.R. (2022). The Soccer Season: Performance Variations and Evolutionary Trends. PeerJ, 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Body composition is crucial for achieving an optimal physical level, which can translate into a good level of play.

    “Body composition is crucial for achieving an optimal physical level, which can translate into a good level of play, as performance in soccer depends on multiple technical, biomechanical, tactical, mental, and physiological factors [2,12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] Collins, J., Maughan, R.J., Gleeson, M., Bilsborough, J., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J.P., Phillips, S.M., Armstrong, L., Burke, L.M., and Close, G.L. (2021). UEFA Expert Group Statement on Nutrition in Elite Football. Current Evidence to Inform Practical Recommendations and Guide Future Research. Br. J. Sports Med., 55. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Cavia, 2019, Anthropometric Characteristics and Somatotype of Professional Soccer Players by Position, J. Sports Med. Ther. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ayotte et al. found that body mass gain from strength training did not negatively impact aerobic capacity but significantly increased it in elite soccer players.

    “Regarding MM, Ayotte et al. assessed whether body mass gain from strength training would impair the aerobic capacity of 11 elite soccer players, with the results showing that it did not negatively impact aerobic capacity, but significantly increased it [2,119,120].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [2] Collins, J., Maughan, R.J., Gleeson, M., Bilsborough, J., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J.P., Phillips, S.M., Armstrong, L., Burke, L.M., and Close, G.L. (2021). UEFA Expert Group Statement on Nutrition in Elite Football. Current Evidence to Inform Practical Recommendations and Guide Future Research. Br. J. Sports Med., 55. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [119] Ayotte, B., Carey, V., Charron, J., Ibo, J., Ferland, P.-M., and Comtois, A.S. (2021). Increase In Body Mass Do Not Negatively Affect Aerobic Capacity In Elite Male Soccer Players: 67. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 53. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [120] Mujika, 2016, Muscle Strength and Speed Performance in Youth Soccer Players, J. Hum. Kinet. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A higher percentage of FM is negatively associated with 20 m sprint speed.

    “It has also been observed that a higher percentage of FM is negatively associated with the 20 m sprint speed [118].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [118] Nikolaidis, 2016, Who Runs the Fastest? Anthropometric and Physiological Correlates of 20 m Sprint Performance in Male Soccer Players, Res. Sports Med. Print source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Determining water status prior to training and/or competitions could improve hydration patterns and prevent adverse effects such as dehydration and hyperhydration.

    “Determining water status prior to training and/or competitions could improve hydration patterns and prevent adverse effects such as dehydration and hyperhydration, which have an impact on sports performance or risk of injury [105,106].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [105] Martínez-Sanz, J.M., Fernández Nuñez, A., Sospedra, I., Martínez-Rodríguez, A., Domínguez, R., González-Jurado, J.A., and Sánchez-Oliver, A.J. (2020). Nutrition-Related Adverse Outcomes in Endurance Sports Competitions: A Review of Incidence and Practical Recommendations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106] Kerksick, C.M., Wilborn, C.D., Roberts, M.D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S.M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J.N., and Galvan, E. (2018). ISSN Exercise & Sports Nutrition Review Update: Research & Recommendations. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 15. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The somatotype most prone to injury is the balanced ectomorph (85%), as opposed to ecto-mesomorph (50%), meso-ectomorph (45%), or balanced mesomorph (44%).

    “This may be important, because the somatotype that is most prone to injury is the balanced ectomorph (85%), as opposed to the ecto-mesomorph (50%), meso-ectomorph (45%), or balanced mesomorph (44%) [98].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] Cabañas, M.D., and Esparza, F. (2009). Compendio de Cineantropometría, CTO Editorial.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    For the first time to the authors' knowledge, it was possible to make a proposal of ranges of guidance values for the different body compartments.

    “In our work, for the first time to our knowledge, it was possible to make a proposal of ranges of guidance values for the different body compartments (Figure 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The research aims to be the first study to propose a range of guidance values of anthropometric measurements, FM, MM, and BM in general male professional soccer players.

    “Based on the current situation of the sport, our research aims to be the first study to propose a range of guidance values of anthropometric measurements, FM, MM, and BM in general male professional soccer players.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Moya-Amaya et al. observed a decrease in the endomorphic component of professional male soccer players, evolving from balanced mesomorphy to ecto-mesomorphy.

    “Recently, Moya-Amaya et al. verified the somatotype trend in the last few decades, of professional male soccer players, observing a decrease in the endomorphic component, evolving from balanced mesomorphy to ecto-mesomorphy [121].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] 2022, Migración Del Somatotipo En Jugadores de Fútbol Profesional En Las Últimas Décadas, Int. J. Morphol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Egger's bias statistic was used to assess risk of bias, and funnel plots were created.

    “Egger’s bias statistic [16] was used to assess the risk of bias, and funnel plots were created.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Egger, 1997, Bias in Meta-Analysis Detected by a Simple, Graphical Test, BMJ source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Not all countries show the same professional level of soccer, which can affect factors influencing body composition and sporting performance.

    “Another limitation is that although the data collection was limited to male soccer players, not all countries show the same professional level of soccer, with some countries having higher Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) rankings than others [122].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [122] (2022, October 10). Clasificación Masculina. Available online: https://www.fifa.com/es/fifa-world-ranking/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationown data

    These findings relate to the usefulness of the rest of the body compartments, beyond FM, for the performance and health of the soccer player.

    “These findings relate to the usefulness of the rest of the body compartments, beyond FM, for the performance and health of the soccer player.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Data extraction was blinded and duplicated by two authors using a previously piloted data extraction survey.

    “The studies’ information was extracted following a blinded and duplicated protocol by two authors (JS-R and JMM-S) using a previously piloted data extraction survey created for this review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Not all studies using anthropometry provided details on the measurement protocol, so methodology and anthropometrists could be biased.

    “In addition, not all studies that used the anthropometric method provided details on which measurement protocol they applied, so the methodology and anthropometrists could be biased.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    This is the only study currently available in the scientific literature that provides a complete description of the main instruments for assessing body composition of male professional soccer players.

    “In spite of this, and the limitations of our study, it is the only study currently available in the scientific literature that provides a complete description of the main instruments for assessing body composition of male professional soccer players.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Egger's test was only performed when there were at least 10 studies included in the meta-analysis.

    “Therefore, this test was only performed when there were at least 10 studies included in the meta-analysis [16]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Egger, 1997, Bias in Meta-Analysis Detected by a Simple, Graphical Test, BMJ source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    No limiting criteria were applied for BIA or DXA instruments, risking unification of tetrapolar and octapolar BIA values and single and multi-frequency methods.

    “Moreover, while certain measurement instruments were excluded in the anthropometry section, as they were not valid according to the ISAK protocol, no limiting criteria were applied for BIA or DXA instruments. This is an important aspect, as there is a risk of unifying tetrapolar and octapolar BIA values, as well as single and multi-frequency methods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Study quality was examined using the Agency for Health Research and Quality (AHRQ) Methodology Checklist.

    “Two researchers (JS-R and JMM-S) examined the quality of the studies using the Agency for Health Research and Quality (AHRQ) Methodology Checklist [15].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Zeng, 2015, The Methodological Quality Assessment Tools for Preclinical and Clinical Studies, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, and Clinical Practice Guideline: A Systematic Review, J. Evid.-Based Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All retrieved articles were screened in duplicate, with the first screening based on title and abstract independently conducted by two authors.

    “All retrieved articles were screened in duplicate. The first screening, based on the title and abstract, was independently conducted in all the studies by two authors (JS-R and JMM-S).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The databases searched were PubMed-MEDLINE, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science.

    “The databases searched to obtain the most current data were PubMed-MEDLINE, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted based on the PRISMA statement.

    “It was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., and Brennan, S.E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, 372. source

      Not checked in the free run.

53 of 53

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Professional soccer players present fat mass values ranging from 11 to 14%, depending on the assessment method.

    “Professional soccer players present fat mass values ranging from 11 to 14%, depending on the assessment method [19].”

    From Athletic bioimpedance-based equations underestimate fat free mass components in male elite soccer players: development and validation of new soccer-specific predictive models (2023) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Results report an overall mean fat-mass percentage of 11.85%, and the Discussion reports a DXA mean of 13.46%; both fall within the claimed range. But the Results also report a 10.19% mean for anthropometric equations, so 11–14% does not capture the full method-dependent range reported for male professional players. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Moreira, 2015, Métodos de evaluación de la composición corporal: Una revisión actualizada de descripción, aplicación, ventajas y desventajas, Arch. Med. Deporte Rev. Fed. Esp. Med. Deporte Confed. Iberoam. Med. Deporte, 32, 387
  2. Bekris, 2016, Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity of Professional Soccer Players in Annual Macrocycle, J. Phys. Educ. Sport, 16, 527
  3. Monroy, 2005, Anthropometric and physiological characteristics in elite soccer players, Arch. Med. Deporte, 22, 33
  4. Baez, 2013, Somatotype Profile of Professional Male Soccer Chilean Players, Int. J. Morphol., 31, 225
  5. Rey, 2013, Seasonal Variations in Body Composition and Fitness Parameters According to Individual Percentage of Training Completion in Professional Soccer Players, Int. Sport Med. J., 14, 205
  6. Najafi, 2015, The comparison of some anthropometric, body composition indexes and vo2max of ahwaz elite soccer players of different playing positions, Pedagog. Psychol. Med.-Biol. Probl. Phys. Train. Sports, 19, 64
  7. Ostojic, 2003, Seasonal Alterations in Body Composition and Sprint Performance of Elitesoccer Players, J. Exerc. Physiol. Online, 6, 24
  8. Holway, 2019, [Anthropometric differences per playing position in Chilean professional footballers], Nutr. Hosp., 36, 846
  9. 2018, Somatotype of Mexican Soccer Players from Different Competition Level, Retos-Nuevas Tend. Educ. Fis. Deporte Recreacion, 34, 100
  10. 2018, Preseason aerobic physiological characteristics in bosnia and herzegovina professional football players, Homo Sport, 4, 5
  11. Rossi, 2014, Body Composition Analysis of Athletes from the Elite of Brazilian Soccer Players, Motricidade, 10, 105
  12. 2016, Comparison of Two Methods to Measure Body Composition in Costa Rican Professional Soccer Players, Mhsalud-Rev. En Cienc. Mov. Hum. Salud, 12, 1
  13. Olds, T., Norton, K.I., and Australian Sports Commission (1996). Anthropometrica: A Textbook of Body Measurement for Sports and Health Courses, UNSW Press.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Sebastiá-Rico, J., Soriano, J. M., González-Gálvez, N., & Martínez-Sanz, J. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Alicante (ES)
  • Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
  • Universidad Católica de Murcia (ES)
  • Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
Corresponding author
González-Gálvez, Noelia
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-02-25
Volume
15
Issue
5
Pages
1160
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu15051160
PMC
PMC10005265
OpenAlex
W4322503116
Semantic Scholar
b9a0095e57c10b49e1f54dd19fd1fad3b0f71f52
Cited by
66
References
106
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9
FWCI
2.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RIUCAM (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • RUA, Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
Keywords
body composition, professional football players, male athletes, anthropometry, somatotype, skinfold thickness, bioimpedance, densitometry, kinanthropometry, fat mass, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, method comparison
MeSH terms
Anthropometry, Body Composition, Humans, Male, Soccer, Somatotypes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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