Cited by 548Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesSport Psychology and Performance

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Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents

Terry, Peter C., Lane, Andrew M., Lane, Helen J., Keohane, Lee·1999·Journal of Sports Sciences

DOI 10.1080/026404199365425

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a shortened version of the Profile of Mood States suitable for use with adolescents. The Profile of Mood States-Adolescents (POMS-A) was administered to 1693 participants from two populations: school children and young athletes. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial validity of a 24-item six-factor model using both independent and multi-sample analyses. Correlations of POMS-A scores with previously validated inventories, which were consistent with theoretical predictions, provided evidence of criterion validity. It is proposed that the POMS-A is a valid instrument for the assessment of mood in adolescents.

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Weigensberg, M. J., Spruijt‐Metz, D., Wen, C. K. F., Davis, J. N., Ávila, Q., Juarez, M., Wadé, N. B., & Lane, C. J. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.07.009 · Cited by 12
Mental health difficulties among professional jockeys: a narrative review
King, L., Cullen, S., McGoldrick, A., Pugh, J., Warrington, G. D., Woods, G., & Losty, C. (2021) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001078 · Cited by 12
Psychometric properties of the Brunel Mood Scale among athletes and non-athletes in Singapore
Han, C. S. Y., Parsons-Smith, R. L., Fogarty, G. J., & Terry, P. C. (2021) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2021.1919740 · Cited by 11
“In line with the validation process used by Terry et al. (1999, 2003), the latent factors of Anger, Confusion, Depression, Fatigue, and Tension, were allowed to intercorrelate.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Effects of Ramadan fasting on substrate oxidation, physiological and perceptual responses during submaximal intensity running in active men
Aziz, A. R., Png, W., Muhamed, A. M. C., Chaouachi, A., Chong, E.-T., & Singh, R. (2013) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-013-0163-8 · Cited by 11
“Participants also completed the validated Brunel Mood State (BRUMS) which comprised 24 items of 6 mood descriptors of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension and vigor [27].”
Method
Comparison of Mood in Basketball Players in Iran League 2 and Relation with Team Cohesion and Performance
Esfahani, N., Soflu, H. G., & Assadi, H. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.461 · Cited by 11
A mixed-method study of the efficacy of physical activity consultation as an adjunct to standard smoking cessation treatment among male smokers in Malaysia
Lee, Y. Y., Khoo, S., Morris, T., Hanlon, C., Wee, L.-H., Teo, E. W., & Adnan, Y. (2016) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3675-2 · Cited by 12
“Some people will tell jokes to you; some people be racist:” A mixed-methods examination of racist jokes and adolescents’ well-being
Benner, A., Alers-Rojas, F., López, B. A., & Chen, S. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14095 · Cited by 11
Psychological correlates of training load among athletes
Terry, P. C., Galambos, S. A., West, J. N., & Iizuka, C. A. (2007) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 10
Self-citation
The Effects of a Single Bout of Exercise on Mood and Self-Esteem in Clinically Diagnosed Mental Health Patients
Ellis, N., Randall, J. A., & Punnett, G. (2013) · Open Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.4236/ojmp.2013.23013 · Cited by 10
“The original POMS [31] has been adapted to create a shorter 24 item version, BRUMS, that has been tested for validity and reliability [32,33].”
Effects of Aerobic Exercise and High-Intensity Interval Training on the Mental Health of Adolescents Living in Poverty: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Poon, K. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/34915 · Cited by 12
An investigation into the relationship between pre-competition mood states, age, gender and a national ranking in artistic gymnastics
Boldizsár, D., Soós, I., Whyte, I., & Hamar, P. (2016) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/hukin-2015-0188 · Cited by 10
“However, despite this popularity and many noted uses, the appropriateness of the POMS for work with athletes was questioned (Grove and Prapavessis, 1992; Terry et al., 1999) as it was developed and validated using samples of adults and psychiatric outpatients rather than athletes.”
Relationship between emotional intelligence and athlete's mood with team-efficiency and performance in elite-handball players.
Hemmatinezhad, M. A., Ramazaninezhad, R., & Ghezelsefloo, H. (2012) · International journal of sport studies · Cited by 10
Young adults’ rating of perceived exertion and mood in exergaming dance and aerobic dance
Hassan, M. A. S., Ryu, S., Tao, K., Wang, R., Quan, M., & Gao, Z. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2023.100007 · Cited by 10
A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of PCSO-524®, a patented oil extract of the New Zealand green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), on the behaviour, mood, cognition and neurophysiology of children and adolescents (aged 6–14 years) experiencing clinical and sub-clinical levels of hyperactivity and inattention: study protocol ACTRN12610000978066
Kean, J. D., Camfield, D., Sarris, J. J., Kras, M., Silberstein, R. B., Scholey, A. B., & Stough, C. K. K. (2013) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-100 · Cited by 12
Cortisol Response to an Induction of Negative Affect among Adolescents with and without Loss of Control Eating
Radin, R. M., Shomaker, L., Kelly, N., Pickworth, C., Thompson, K. A., Brady, S. M., Demidowich, A., Galescu, O., Altschul, A. M., Shank, L. M., et al. (2015) · Pediatric obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12095 · Cited by 11
The relationship between pre-competition state anxiety components and mood state sub-scales scores and the result of among college athletes through temporal patterning.
Keikha, B. M., Yusof, S. M., & Jourkesh, M. (2015) · International Journal of Sports Science · Cited by 10
The relationship between burnout and mood state among student rugby union players.
Grobbelaar, H. W., Malan, D. D. J., Steyn, B. J. M., & Ellis, S. M. (2011) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 10
Diving under the influence: issues in researching personality and inert gas narcosis
Wijk, C. H. V., Martin, J. H., & Meintjes, W. A. J. (2017) · International Maritime Health · doi:10.5603/imh.2017.0009 · Cited by 9
“The 24-item self-report inventory measures six identifiable affective states, namely the transient mood states of tension, depression, anger, vigour, fatigue and confusion [23, 24].”
Background
A Greek Translation of the Brunel Mood Scale: Initial Validation among Exercise Participants and Inactive Adults
Vlachopoulos, S. P., Lane, A. M., & Terry, P. C. (2023) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports11120234 · Cited by 8
“The aim of the present study was to extend validity evidence of the Brunel Mood Scale [15,16] outside the English language boundaries using a Greek translation of the scale, referred to as the BRUMS-Greek.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Brunel Mood Scale for Use with Water-Skiing Competition
FAZACKERLEY, R., Lane, A. M., & Mahoney, C. (2003) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2003.97.2.657 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Effect of acute modafinil ingestion on cognitive and physical performance following mental exertion
Rattray, B., Martin, K., Hewitt, A. W., Cooper, G. M., & MCDONALD, W. A. (2019) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2700 · Cited by 11
Effects of audio and visual distraction on patients’ vital signs and tolerance during esophagogastroduodenoscopy: a randomized controlled trial
Sogabe, M., Okahisa, T., Fukuya, A., Kagemoto, K., Okada, Y., Adachi, Y., Kurihara, T., Nii, T., Teramae, S., Tanaka, H., et al. (2020) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-020-01274-3 · Cited by 9
Acute Effects of Ketamine Infusion on Postoperative Mood Scores in Patients Undergoing Dilation and Curettage: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Study
Mostafa, R. H., Khamis, A. M., Saleh, A. N., Mekki, Y. M. H., Kamal, M. M., Ibrahim, I. M., & Ismaiel, M. A. A. (2021) · Anesthesiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2021/6674658 · Cited by 10
Test of a conceptual model of mood-performance relationships with a focus on depression: a review and synthesis five years on
Lane, A. M., & Terry, P. C. (2005) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Performance Satisfaction and Postcompetition Mood among Runners: Moderating Effects of Depression
Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Firth, S. J. (2002) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2002.94.3.805 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Experimental Affective Symptoms in Panic Disorder Patients
Overbeek, T., Schruers, K. R. J., van Leeuwen, I. D., Klaassen, T., & Griez, E. J. L. (2005) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370505000307 · Cited by 9
“Patients were also requested to complete the adapted short Profile of Mood States on Aggression (POMS-Ag) and on Depression (POMS-D) (16), which comprises 7 mood states relating to depression (unhappy, miserable, depressed, downhearted, sad, gloomy, and lonely) and 7 relating to aggression (angry, bitter, annoyed, bad…”
Method
Is baseline aerobic fitness associated with illness and attrition rate in military training?
Dimitriou, L., Lockey, J., & Castell, L. M. (2016) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2015-000608 · Cited by 10
Affective states and adaptation to parabolic flights
Collado, A., Langlet, C., Tzanova, T., Hainaut, J.-P., Monfort, V., & Bolmont, B. (2017) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.01.043 · Cited by 9
Development and initial validation of the Brazil Mood Scale
Miranda, I. C. P. D. M. R. I., Terry, P. C., Rotta, T. M., Luft, C. D. B., Andrade, A., Krebs, R. J., de Carvalho, T., & Iizuka, C. A. (2008) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Changes in hormonal profiles during competition preparation in physique athletes
Isola, V., Hulmi, J. J., Mbay, T., Kyröläinen, H., Häkkinen, K., Ahola, V., Helms, E. R., & Ahtiainen, J. P. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05606-z · Cited by 8
“Mood states were evaluated using the Finnish adaptation (Vuoskoski and Eerola 2011) of the POMS-Adolescents (POMS-A; Terry et al. 1999).”
Yoga-based interventions for enhancing psychological well-being in postpartum women: A randomized controlled trial
Vinu, W., Kabeer, D. A., Vinod Kumar, G., Safad, A. K., & Manibharathi, G. (2025) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2025.02.007 · Cited by 10
Exploring novel auditory displays for supporting accelerated skills acquisition and enhanced performance in motorsport
Powell, N. J., & Lumsden, J. (2015) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · Cited by 8
Long and Short Durations of Binaural Beats Differently Affect Relaxation: A Study of HRV and BRUMS
Chockboondee, M., Jatupornpoonsub, T., Lertsukprasert, K., & Wongsawat, Y. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3303183 · Cited by 8
“The Brunel Mood Scale [37], [38] is a 24-item scale widely used for moodmeasurement that was derived from the Profile of Mood States (POMS) [39].”
Method
Perceived Family Functioning in Relation to Energy Intake in Adolescent Girls with Loss of Control Eating
Jaramillo, M., Burke, N. L., Shomaker, L. B., Brady, S. M., Kozlosky, M., Yanovski, J. A., & Tanofsky‐Kraff, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121869 · Cited by 8
“Depressive symptoms: A single item-assessment was used to measure pre-meal depressive symptoms from the Brunel Mood Scale [49].”
Method
Self-Distancing as a Strategy to Regulate Affect and Aggressive Behavior in Athletes: An Experimental Approach to Explore Emotion Regulation in the Laboratory
Michel‐Kröhler, A., Kaurin, A., Heil, L. F., & Berti, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572030 · Cited by 8
Cross-Cultural Validation of the Malaysian Mood Scale and Tests of Between-Group Mood Differences
Lew, P. C. F., Parsons-Smith, R. L., Lamont‐Mills, A., & Terry, P. C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043348 · Cited by 10
“[11,12], the BRUMS is one of the few variations of the original POMS that has undergone rigorous validity testing.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Development and initial validation of the Music Mood-Regulation Scale
Hewston, R. (2008) · E-Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.7790/ejap.v4i1.130 · Cited by 8
“As the items used to describe mood states were taken from validated scales that have shown factorial validity within a correlated model (Mathews et al., 1990; Terry et al., 1999, 2003), it was expected that this model would be supported.”
Method
The Immediate Effect of African Drumming on the Mental Well-Being of Adults With Mood Disorders: An Uncontrolled Pretest–Posttest Pilot Study
Plastow, N. A., Joubert, L., Chotoo, Y., Nowers, A., Greeff, M., Strydom, T., Theron, M., & van Niekerk, E. (2018) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2018.021055 · Cited by 13
“This tool is a duallanguage version of the Brunel Mood Scale (Terry et al., 1999, 2003), which is widely used in sport psychology.”
Association of a Behaviorally Based High School Health Education Curriculum With Increased Exercise
Annesi, J. J., Trinity, J., Mareno, N., & Walsh, S. (2014) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840514536993 · Cited by 8
MEDEX2015: Greater Sea-Level Fitness Is Associated with Lower Sense of Effort During Himalayan Trekking Without Worse Acute Mountain Sickness
Rossetti, G. M. K., Macdonald, J. H., Smith, M. W., Jackson, A. R., Callender, N. A., Newcombe, H. K., Storey, H. M., Willis, S., van den Beukel, J., Woodward, J., et al. (2017) · High Altitude Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1089/ham.2016.0088 · Cited by 8
“Participants also completed the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS; Terry et al., 1999) on arrival at Base Camp to determine the psychological effects of the exercise, including self-reported fatigue.”
MOOD AND EMOTION IN SPORT: A RESPONSE TO JONES, MACE, AND WILLIAMS (2000)
Lane, A. M. (2000) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2000.91.2.649 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Sleep impairment and altered pattern of circadian biomarkers during a long-term Antarctic summer camp
Moraes, M. M., Marques, A. L., Borges, L., Hatanaka, E., Heller, D., Núñez-Espinosa, C. A., Gonçalves, D. A. P., Soares, D. D., Wanner, S. P., Mendes, T. T., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42910-8 · Cited by 8
“Mood responses were assessed using the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) 30,31 .”
Method

Authors: Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Keohane, L.
Affiliations: Brunel University of London (GB)
ORCID: Terry, Peter C.
Lane, Andrew M.
Venue: Journal of Sports Sciences
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1999-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 11
Pages: 861-872
ISSN: 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
1466-447X
DOI: 10.1080/026404199365425
OpenAlex: W2119699779
Cited by: 548
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 13.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Keywords: Profile of Mood States, adolescents, mood measurement, short-form scale development, factorial validity, criterion validity, multi-sample analysis, youth athletes, elementary school students
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Affect, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Personality Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sports, Reproducibility of Results

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Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents

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