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Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a shortened version of the Profile of Mood States suitable for use with adolescents. The Profile of Mood States-Adolescents (POMS-A) was administered to 1693 participants from two populations: school children and young athletes. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial validity of a 24-item six-factor model using both independent and multi-sample analyses. Correlations of POMS-A scores with previously validated inventories, which were consistent with theoretical predictions, provided evidence of criterion validity. It is proposed that the POMS-A is a valid instrument for the assessment of mood in adolescents.
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“This scale has demonstrated good reliability and criterion validity in the assessment of mood in adolescent populations [50,51].”
From A Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Defusion Application for Youth Depression and Anxiety: Mixed Methods Experimental Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
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“In contrast, the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) assessed psychological states (Terry et al., 1999), including anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor.”
Meng, Z., Min, K., Ma, R., Yang, J., Zhang, H., & Li, Q. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22366-3 · Cited by 11
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Wild, A., Freeston, M. H., Heary, S., & Rodgers, J. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.035913 · Cited by 6
Chua, M. T., Balasekaran, G., Ihsan, M., & Aziz, A. R. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7080188 · Cited by 6
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MethodMonga, S., Andrei, S., Quinn, R. C., Khudiakova, V., Desai, R., Srirangan, A., Patel, S., Szatmári, P., Butcher, N. J., Krause, K. R., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.06.011 · Cited by 6
If I want to perform better, then how should I feel?
Lane, A. M. (2013) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/ppb-2013-0015 · Cited by 6
“Practitioners, therefore, should look at scores on the BRUMS to see if participants reported 1 or more for depression items before interpreting scores for anger and tension.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPersonal Goal Management Intervention and Mood States in Soccer Academies
Laurin, R., Nicolas, M., & Lavallee, D. E. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2.1.57 · Cited by 6
“According to Terry, Lane, Lane, and Keohane (1999) , the POMS defines these emotional states as follows:”
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“internationally (Terry, Lane, et al., 2003; Terry et al., 1999) and locally (Terry, Potgieter, & Fogarty, 2003).”
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“BRUMS is a validated instrument, derived from the Profile of Mood States, with 24-item Likert measures evaluating feelings of tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion (Terry et al., 1999).”
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“Even the shortened versions of various mood, emotion and affect scales such as, POMS-SF (Shacham, 1983, in Malouff et al., 1985), BRUMS (Terry et al., 1999), Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ; Jones et al., 2005) and PANAS (Watson et al., 1988) would distract the participant for too long during the task making regular…”
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Mood and anxiety scores predict winning and losing performances in tennis
Terry, P. C., & Munro, A. (2008) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 5
Self-citationFortes, L. D. S., Cipriani, F. M., Paes, S. T., Coelho, F. D., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2016) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000117 · Cited by 5
MOOD CHANGES FOLLOWING EXERCISE
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Self-citationWeerapong, P. (2005) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 5
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“The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was used to determine mood profiles [36,37] within 10 min before and after the training sessions.”
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“…Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI; Gauvin & Rejeski, 1993), Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES; McAuley & Courneya, 1994), Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS; Terry et al., 1999), Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair et al., 1971) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988).”
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAndrade, E., España, S., & Rodríguez, D. (2016) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 4
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Farklı Formatlarda Oynatılan Futbola Özgü Oyunların Ruh Hali ve Zihinsel Yük Cevapları
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Priest, D.-L. (2003) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 4
Bell, I. H., Li, C., Thompson, A., Ellinghaus, C., O’Sullivan, S., Reynolds, K. A., Wadley, G., Liu, Y., Bendall, S., Gleeson, J., et al. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/70160 · Cited by 3
“This scale has demonstrated good reliability and criterion validity in the assessment of mood in adolescent populations [50,51].”
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“Its application is particularly relevant in the context of exercise physiology and sports psychology, as it makes it possible to identify changes in the emotional state that can directly impact the performance and recovery of athletes [43].”
Cai, Y., Sun, M., Lu, Y., Wang, Y., & Goto, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1663101 · Cited by 3
“Where X is the participant’s raw subscale total, μ is the reference mean, and σ is the reference standard deviation from POMS normative data (Terry et al., 1999).”
An exploratory study of short-term camping in Antarctica: Hormonal and mood states changes
Martins, Y. A. T., Moraes, M. M., Mendes, T. T., Maluf, C. B., Ladeira, R. V. P., Wanner, S. P., Soares, D. D., & Arantes, R. M. E. (2022) · Czech Polar Reports · doi:10.5817/cpr2021-2-24 · Cited by 3
“Mood states were assessed using the 24-item Brunel mood scale (BRUMS) (Terry et al. 2003, 1999).”
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“POMS2 was adapted from the original POMS standard version and was used for psychological assessment at pre- and post-distraction in the distraction groups (21, 22).”
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Mood States are Not Associated with BMI in Mentally Healthy Adults
Wijk, C. H. V. (2011) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2011.25076 · Cited by 3
“Good internal consistency, concurrent and criterion validity, and test-retest reliability has been reported for the POMS (McNair et al., 1992) and more recently for the BRUMS (Terry et al., 1999, 2003).”
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Gram‐Hanssen, A., Paulsen, C. B., & Rosenberg, J. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.24319.1 · Cited by 3
A INFLUÊNCIA DA PRÁTICA DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA NO ESTADO DE HUMOR DE MULHERES ADULTAS
de Souza, H. D. S., dos Santos, D. M., Xavier, G. H. C., Santana, B. A., de Oliveira, V., & Tertuliano, I. W. (2021) · Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR · doi:10.25110/arqsaude.v25i2.2021.7802 · Cited by 3
Cognitive Fatigue in Habitual Video Gamers and Non-gamers among Military Pilots in Training
Leelartapin, K., Lapanun, W., Kantha, S., Tanaka, H., & Suksom, D. (2023) · Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.5334/paah.298 · Cited by 3
Strike 3 … Out! Investigating Pre-Game Moods, Performance, and Mental Health of Softball Umpires
Houison, R. J., Lamont‐Mills, A., Kotiw, M., & Terry, P. C. (2024) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports12020050 · Cited by 3
Self-citationNicola, E., Mastroyannopoulou, K., Reeves, H., & Pass, L. (2024) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.102013 · Cited by 3
The influence of fatigue and mood on cognitive failures
Chaney, S. F., & Fogarty, G. J. (2009) · Cited by 3
Examining the Presence of Back Pain in Competitive Athletes: A Focus on Stress and Recovery
Heidari, J., Belz, J., Hasenbring, M. I., Kleinert, J., Levenig, C. G., & Kellmann, M. (2017) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.2017-0235 · Cited by 3
Pussieldi, G. D. A., Silva, F. D. J., & Pereira, D. A. D. A. (2018) · Caderno de Educação Física e Esporte · doi:10.36453/2318-5104.2018.v16.n2.p73 · Cited by 3
FUTBOLDA 4V4 DAR ALAN OYUNLARINA VERİLEN PSİKOLOJİK VE BİLİŞSEL CEVAPLAR
Soylu, Y. (2021) · Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.17155/omuspd.946523 · Cited by 3
Annesi, J. J. (2018) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2018-0011 · Cited by 3
Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of the Children’s Vitality-Relaxation Scale
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“Positive affect is generally assessed using the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) or Profile of Mood States (POMS) in all populations, which are reliable and valid tools to measure affect [22,23], and are used to evaluate outcomes of intervention programs and to examine children’s affect in the fiel…”
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“[10] described the components of POMS as follows, ‘Anger is typified by feelings which vary in intensity from mild annoyance or aggravation to fury and rage and is associated with arousal of the autonomic nervous system [11].”
BackgroundPsychometric properties of the Brief Sailor Resiliency Scale in the South African Army
Schoeman, D. J., & Cassimjee, N. (2022) · African Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.4102/ajopa.v4i0.100 · Cited by 3
Studying anxiety interpretations is useful for sport and exercise psychologists
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Resilience in sport: The development of a resilience program for young athletes
Varela, S. M. (2017) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2017.405 · Cited by 3
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“The BRUMS is a 24-item self-report inventory that measures transient affective mood states (Terry et al., 1999, 2003a), using a five-point Likert scale (0 = not at all , 4 = extremely ).”
Correlations Between Acoustic Features, Personality Traits and Perception of Soundscapes
Lindborg, P. (2012) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · Cited by 2
Foot cooling does not improve vigilance but may transiently reduce sleepiness
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Availability of a Flavored Beverage and Impact on Children’s Hydration Status, Sleep, and Mood
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“Weekly lab visits involved a hydration assessment, the completion of the Profile of Mood States adolescent (POMS-a) [9] and of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [10] questionnaires.”
MethodEffects of Mood and School Related Stress on Academic Performance: A Mood Induction Investigation
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Interpersonal emotions in team sports
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Bölgesel Amatör Ligi Futbolcularının Ruh Halleri ile Motivasyonları Arasındaki İlişki
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Mateo‐Orcajada, A., Abenza‐Cano, L., Rey-López, J. P., & Vaquero‐Cristóbal, R. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Games · doi:10.1109/tg.2024.3377604 · Cited by 2
“According to Terry et al. [23], anger is typified by feelings that vary in intensity, from mild annoyance or aggravation to fury and rage; confusion is characterized by bewilderment and uncertainty, associated with a failure to control attention and emotions; depression is a negative self-schema…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Keohane, L.
- Affiliations
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 861-872
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2119699779
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 13.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Keywords
- Profile of Mood States, adolescents, mood measurement, short-form scale development, factorial validity, criterion validity, multi-sample analysis, youth athletes, elementary school students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Affect, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Personality Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sports, Reproducibility of Results
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