When pregnancy fails: coping strategies, support networks and experiences with health care of ethnic women and their partners
Abstract
Experiencing a miscarriage can be a traumatic event for a woman and her partner. The couple's perceptions of the miscarriage may be influenced by many factors. These include their contact with health care professionals, family, friends, previous experiences, and possibly even their partner's expectations. This paper examines the experience of a miscarriage, reporting results from six women and their partners, all of whom were from ethnic backgrounds. A qualitative approach, employing an in‐depth interview technique was utilized to obtain the data. The paper focuses on the coping strategies, social support and satisfaction with health care among the women and their partners. Factors such as treatment by medical personnel and family and friends were identified as either helping or hindering the experience. Coping with pregnancy loss depends on individual women and their partners, as each couple has different ways of dealing with it. However, a good support network and positive contacts with health care professionals also impact on how well the women and their partners are able to cope with the loss. This needs to be recognized when providing care to women who have experienced a miscarriage so that sensitive health care can be achieved.
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Qualitative studies indicated that men often feel that their role is primarily as a 'supporter' to their female partner after pregnancy loss.
“Qualitative studies indicated that men often feel that their role is primarily as a ‘supporter’ to their female partner”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Men may feel overlooked and marginalised in comparison to their female partners after pregnancy loss.
“These studies also reported that men may feel overlooked and marginalised in comparison to their female partners”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Female partners' pain after pregnancy loss is typically more visible than men's.
“whose pain is typically more visible.”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Men felt unable to express their emotions due to the expectation that they maintain control of the situation and be a comfort to their female partner.
“together with the associated outcome of feeling unable to express their emotions due to the expectation that they maintain control of the situation and be a comfort to their female partner.”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
These studies examined the normative social expectation that males ought to be caretakers and sources of strength.
“These studies examined the normative social expectation that males ought to be caretakers and sources of strength”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Seven qualitative studies reported similar themes, particularly that of men feeling that their role was primarily as a 'supporter' to their female partner.
“Seven studies which aimed to describe men’s experiences of pregnancy loss either in the context of another pregnancy or as an occurrence in itself reported similar themes, particularly that of men feeling that their role was primarily as a ‘supporter’ to their female partner [10, 39–44].”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Men often reported feeling unable to respond to their female partners with emotional support, preferring instead to respond with instrumental support by absorbing practical strain such as paying the bills.
“men often reported feeling unable to respond to their female partners with emotional support, preferring instead to respond with instrumental support by absorbing practical strain such as paying the bills”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Five qualitative studies identified the lack of social recognition that many men felt in dealing with a pregnancy loss.
“Five qualitative studies also identified the lack of social recognition that many men felt in dealing with a pregnancy loss”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Many men would make the effort to appear overtly 'strong' and return to their regular life as a coping strategy.
“while many men would make the effort to appear overtly ‘strong’ and return to their regular life as a coping strategy”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Men experienced internal feelings of stress and vulnerability which intensified their role of 'protector' in subsequent pregnancies following a previous loss.
“they nevertheless experienced internal feelings of stress and vulnerability which intensified their role of ‘protector’ in subsequent pregnancies following a previous loss.”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Men described feeling overlooked, alienated and marginalised in comparison to their female partners who had suffered the physical experience and whose pain was more visible.
“describing feeling overlooked, alienated and marginalised in comparison to their female partners who had suffered the physical experience and whose pain was more visible [10, 39, 43–45].”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Men typically feel as though they need to take on a 'supporter' role for their female partner, which may come at the expense of their own health and wellbeing.
“men typically feel as though they need to take on a ‘supporter’ role for their female partner, which may come at the expense of their own health and wellbeing [10, 39–44].”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Existing research mirrors that with women in finding that pregnancy loss and associated grief lack social recognition, leading to disenfranchised grief for men, as well as challenges accessing support and often negative impacts upon relationships.
“existing research mirrors that with women in finding that pregnancy loss and associated grief lack social recognition, leading to disenfranchised grief for men, as well as challenges accessing support and often negative impacts upon relationships [10, 39, 43–45].”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Lack of knowledge of these issues amongst some health providers and family and friends of couples who have experienced a loss can lead to helplessness, marginalisation and the feeling of being alone in their grief.
“The lack of knowledge of these issues amongst some health providers and family and friends of couples who have experienced a loss can lead to helplessness, marginalisation and the feeling of being alone in their grief [10, 17, 24, 28, 39].”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Qualitative studies were generally of a high standard, with methodologies and analyses clearly reported and justified in the context of exploratory or understanding lived experience research aims.
“Qualitative studies were generally of a high standard, with methodologies and analyses (content [46, 55, 60, 64, 69], thematic [61, 65, 71, 72], grounded theory [59, 62, 68], autoethnographic [66], descriptive [83] and phenomenological [56–58, 73–75, 77–82]) clearly reported and justified in the context of ‘exploratory’ or ‘understanding lived experience’ research aims.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Other men in 10 studies reported less intense reactions, including stating that their partners experienced worse grief in comparison to them.
“However, other men in 10 studies (some overlapping with the above 14 studies) also reported less intense reactions, including stating that their partners experienced worse grief in comparison to them [56, 61, 69, 71–75, 78, 79].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Men with a history of loss did not report different or increased levels of grief (nine qualitative studies).
“In contrast, men with a history of loss in nine qualitative studies [46, 61, 62, 68, 71, 72, 78, 82, 83] did not report different or increased levels of grief.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
In 10 of 16 studies looking at support, family and/or friends were a helpful facilitator to men's coping following loss.
“In 16 studies looking at support, 10 found family and/or friends to be a helpful facilitator to men’s coping following the loss [56, 57, 59, 66, 72, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
In 15 studies, men described having to suppress or put aside their own grief to take on the supporter role.
“In 15 studies, men described having to suppress or put aside their own grief to take on this role [46, 57–59, 61, 62, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 81, 82, 85].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
The role of healthcare professionals was recognised as essential to the bereavement process in one quantitative and 13 qualitative studies.
“Similar to support from family and friends, the role of healthcare professionals was recognised in one quantitative study [70] and 13 qualitative studies [46, 56, 60–62, 64, 65, 68, 72, 73, 78, 81, 82] as essential to the bereavement process.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
In 11 qualitative studies, other men reported negative interactions with healthcare staff, leading to sadness, anger, or distress that worsened or prevented grieving.
“Likewise, other men in 11 of both the same and different qualitative studies also reported negative interactions with healthcare staff. This led to sadness, anger, or distress which worsened or prevented the grieving process [46, 61, 62, 64, 65, 70, 72, 75, 79, 81, 82].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Practical support immediately following loss was particularly appreciated by men in three qualitative studies.
“Practical support immediately following the loss (e.g., making meals) was particularly appreciated by men in three qualitative studies [61, 72, 82].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Pressure to conform to masculine role expectations toward how men should grieve was expressed in 19 qualitative studies.
“Tying in closely with the ‘supporter role’ theme, a pressure to conform to masculine role expectations toward how men should grieve was expressed in 19 qualitative studies.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
In 13 studies, male participants discussed need to be strong and perceived expectation to hide grief.
“In 13 studies, male participants specifically discussed the need to be “strong”, and a perceived expectation to hide their grief [46, 56–59, 61, 62, 72, 74, 79, 80, 82, 85].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Practical information on supporting partner and managing own grief was desired by men.
“Practical information on how best to support their partner, alongside recognising and managing their own grief, was also desired by men [46, 62, 72].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
Some men in qualitative studies expressed less extreme reactions to loss, indicating representation of a range of experiences.
“However, some men in qualitative studies also expressed less extreme reactions to the loss, indicating representation of a range of experiences [56, 61, 69, 71–75, 78, 79].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [72]
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- Authors
- Abboud, L., & Liamputtong, P.
- Affiliations
- La Trobe University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Abboud, L.
- ORCID
- Liamputtong, P.
- Venue
- Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-18
- ISSN
- 0264-6838 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-672X
- OpenAlex
- W2027710373
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Keywords
- miscarriage, coping strategies, social support networks, ethnic minority women, couples, health care satisfaction, healthcare workers, family and friend support, sensitive care
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