Couples' grief and experience of support in the aftermath of miscarriage
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study involving 39 women and 32 partners was to investigate the grief response of both the woman and her partner to miscarriage and to ascertain if support received was adequate and appropriate to their needs. Previous research shows that partners' grief can often be delayed and chronic. Special emphasis is placed on this area in this study. The miscarriage was found to be a significant event and the majority of women and partners still experienced feelings of loss up to 4 months afterwards, describing their reactions as sad or very sad. Scores on the first administration of the Perinatal Grief Scale showed that, in contrast with previous findings, partners scored significantly higher than the women on the three subscales and overall. Partners' scores on the second administration were also higher than those for the women but the difference was not significant. The women tended to receive and welcome social support more than the partners. Support received from health professionals was not always optimal, particularly for partners. Pregnancy subsequent to miscarriage was often viewed with some anxiety. It is argued that the results of the study have important implications for health practice.
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A smaller number of studies have found higher levels of grief in men.
“However, a smaller number of studies have found similar grief intensity between men and women [24, 25], or even higher levels of grief in men [26].”
From Factors contributing to men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal death: further development of an emerging model in an Australian sample (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
In Conway and Russell's mixed methods study, men scored significantly higher than their female partners on the three subscales and overall scores on the Perinatal Grief Scale.
“men scored significantly higher than their female partners on the three subscales and overall scores on the Perinatal Grief Scale.”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Almost all quantitative studies and a smaller number of qualitative studies primarily included men as part of a heterosexual couple, with men often recruited through their female partners.
“almost all of the quantitative studies [7, 16–18, 23–35, 37, 38] and a smaller number of the qualitative studies [39, 40, 46] primarily included men as part of a heterosexual couple, with men often recruited through their female partners.”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Many studies made no mention of culture or ethnicity at all, or included a majority of Caucasian participants or those who spoke English.
“Many studies made no mention of culture or ethnicity at all [10, 16, 17, 32, 34, 36, 43–45], or included a majority of Caucasian participants or those who spoke English [28, 31].”
From The impact of pregnancy loss on men’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
There were mixed findings in terms of overall scale scores across similar studies looking at grief following miscarriage, with Despair (internalised grief) scores higher in men than those for Active Grief (externalised grief) in two studies, and lower in the remaining two.
“There were mixed findings in terms of overall scale scores across similar studies looking at grief following miscarriage, with Despair (internalised grief) scores higher in men than those for Active Grief (externalised grief) in two studies [87, 95], and lower in the remaining two [91, 96].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [95]
Some included studies noted that the use of existing grief measures (including the PGS and RIMS) might not be valid for measuring men's grief experiences, particularly in relation to potential differences between internal versus external grieving styles.
“Importantly, however, some studies noted that the use of existing grief measures (including the PGS and RIMS) might not be valid for measuring men’s grief experiences, particularly in relation to potential differences between internal versus external grieving styles [23, 84, 89, 95].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [95]
Average total grief scores for men in studies using the PGS varied from 36 to 133.19 from a possible range of 33 to 165.
“Average total grief scores for men in studies using the PGS varied from 36 [93] to 133.19 [95] from a possible range of 33 to 165.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [95]
The remaining quantitative studies including age as a predictor did not find a significant association, and qualitative studies did not specifically explore or discuss the impact of age on grief.
“The remaining quantitative studies including age as a predictor did not find a significant association [24, 93, 95], and qualitative studies did not specifically explore or discuss the impact of age on grief.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [95]
Some authors have questioned the ecological validity of current grief measures.
“Although inconsistencies concerning grief between quantitative and qualitative studies highlight the varied nature of men’s experiences, some authors have questioned the ecological validity of current grief measures [23, 84, 89, 95].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [95]
Active Grief subscale reflects outward expressions of grief and emotions, which men often display less frequently than women.
“This reflects outward expressions of grief and emotions, which men often display less frequently than women [25, 91, 95, 96], and may indicate a selection bias in qualitative studies toward men with more extreme grief responses.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [95]
Some items and subscales of PGS have been criticised for measuring traditionally feminine expressions of grief, potentially under-recognising masculine expressions.
“As such, some of the items and subscales have been criticised for measuring more traditionally ‘feminine’ (or intuitive) expressions of grief, which may under-recognise more ‘masculine’ (or instrumental) expressions and responses.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [95]
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“67 Thus, the overall trend of these findings supports the commonsense expectation that a woman’s grief is relatively more intense than a man’s following a miscarriage because she carried the pregnancy biologically, has a greater psychological attachment as a result, and, therefore, experiences the…”
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Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage
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“Also supporting this were the results of Conway and Russell’s [16] mixed methods study, where men scored significantly higher than their female partners on the three subscales and overall scores on the Perinatal Grief Scale.”
BackgroundResultBellhouse, C., Temple-Smith, M. J., & Bilardi, J. (2018) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0672-3 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Swanson, K. M., Chen, H.-T., Graham, J. C., Wojnar, D. M., & Petras, A. (2009) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.1202 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Consistent with prior reports, 5,21,29,63 we found that men and women responded differently to miscarriage.”
The Scope and Impact of Perinatal Loss: Current Status and Future Directions.
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An exploratory study of the psychological impact and clinical care of perinatal loss
Bennett, S. M., Litz, B. T., Maguen, S., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2008) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020802171268 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“For some women, having another child significantly improves the trajectory of mental health symptoms associated with perinatal loss (Conway & Russell, 2000 ; Swanson, 1999 ).”
Backgroundvan den Berg, M. M. J., Dancet, E. A. F., Erlikh, T., van der Veen, F., Goddijn, M., & Hajenius, P. J. (2017) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx030 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Perinatal bereavement: a principle-based concept analysis
Fenstermacher, K., & Hupcey, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12119 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“• Gender - Men and women grieve differently following perinatal loss (Conway & Russell 2000, Armstrong 2001, DiMarco et al. 2001, Franche 2001, O’Leary & Thorwick 2006).”
BackgroundMen and Miscarriage: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis
Williams, H. M., Topping, A., Coomarasamy, A., & Jones, L. L. (2020) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732319870270 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“(Conway & Russell, 2000, p. 535) Without such biological justification for their feelings, and as a result of dominant gender paradigms, many men perceived that they were unentitled or less entitled than women to experience or communicate emotions engendered by miscarriage (see also the “Coping…”
BackgroundContexts and evolution of women's responses to miscarriage during the first year after loss
Swanson, K. M., Connor, S., Jolley, S. N., Pettinato, M., & Wang, T.-J. T. (2007) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20175 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Similarly, Conway and Russell (2000), in a study of 39 women and 32 of their partners at 1 month after miscarriage, found that 77%ofwomen and 60%of men expected difficulty in their next pregnancy.”
BackgroundGender comparison of psychological reaction after miscarriage—a 1‐year longitudinal study
Kong, G., Chung, T., Lai, B., & Lok, I. (2010) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02653.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Australian men's experiences of support following pregnancy loss: A qualitative study
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“While some studies have reported men describing helpful support from family and friends [10, 22, 25, 26], others have reported men feeling ignored by their community (21) or that they had few people who they felt they could share their grief with [26, 27].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMethods for managing miscarriage: a network meta-analysis
Ghosh, J., Papadopoulou, A., Devall, A., Jeffery, H. C., Beeson, L. E., Do, V., Price, M. J., Tobı́as, A., Tunçalp, Ö., Lavelanet, A. F., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012602.pub2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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“82 Moderate/severe depression 2 (2) 4 (5) 1 (1) 15 (10) 11 (8) 8 (7) Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale Respondents 107 83 70 144 129 108 Score 7.”
Obst, K. L., Oxlad, M., Due, C., & Middleton, P. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03514-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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Counseling women with early pregnancy failure: Utilizing evidence, preserving preference
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“Some strategies for counseling patients surrounding the grief and distress with pregnancy loss have been offered previously [22,44,56], but a structured approach to decision-making is not present in the literature.”
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“…availability statement The data presented in this systematic review can be found in the included studies (Black et al., 2021; Burgoine et al., 2005; Conway & Russell, 2000; Das et al., 2021; De Montigny et al., 2017; Gozuyesil et al., 2022; Güçlü et al., 2021; Hanschmidt et al., 2018; Johnson &…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialExpectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage
Nanda, K., Lopez, L. M., Grimes, D. A., Peloggia, A., & Nanda, G. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003518.pub2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Anxiety associated with diagnostic uncertainty in early pregnancy
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“A cc ep te d A rti cl e Whilst there is an abundance of evidence in the literature regarding the psychological sequelae following miscarriage (6-11) and, to a lesser extent, EP (12), very little is known about how uncertain diagnoses in early pregnancy affect women.”
BackgroundThe psychological and social consequences of miscarriage
van den Akker, O. B. (2011) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/eog.11.14 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Exploring societal-level privacy rules for talking about miscarriage
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“Conway and Russell (2000) found that couples’ patterns of talk about miscarriage can change over time such that some people reported talking less frequently in the two to four months following a loss.”
BackgroundDuelo perinatal: un secreto dentro de un misterio
de Madinabeitia, A. P. L. G. (2011) · Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría · doi:10.4321/s0211-57352011000100005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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“Consistent with this finding and with the literature (Daniluk, 1991, 1997; Gilbert and Smart, 1992; Hutti, 1992; Epstein and Rosenberg, 1997; Conway and Graeme, 2000; Lang et al., 2003; Newton, 2006) ‘it is important in clinical practice that male partners are invited to participate in all aspects of medical treatment…”
ResultRowlands, I. J., & Lee, C. (2010) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500903440239 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…financial difficulties), either during pregnancy or in the year prior to the miscarriage, are associated with more psychological distress (Warsop, Ismail, & Iliffe, 2004), depression (Beutel et al., 1995; Broen, Moum, Bodtker, & Ekeberg, 2006) and grief after miscarriage (Conway & Russell, 2000).”
BackgroundMen's lived experiences of perinatal loss: A review of the literature
Nguyen, V., Temple‐Smith, M., & Bilardi, J. (2019) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.13041 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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“According to five studies, the more recent the loss, higher the grief (Harrigan et al., 1993; Conway and Russell, 2000; Barr, 2006, 2012; Cowchock et al., 2011; Cope et al., 2015).”
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“An exception to this is research by Conway and Russell (2000), who found that the men in their study typically found speaking with their partner or friends about pregnancy loss helpful, though overall male participants were more ambivalent about the value of support as compared with the female…”
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Shrouds of silence: three women’s stories of prenatal loss
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“Approximately one in five pregnancies end prematurely, with figures in Australia being similar to those of the United Kingdom and the United States of America (Boyce et al 2002; Conway & Russell 2000; Lee & Slade 1998; Beutal et al 1995).”
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Nansel, T. R., Doyle, F., Frederick, M., & Zhang, J. (2005) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1177/0884217505278319 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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“Consistent with mixed findings on men’s grief in previous literature (e.g., Kong et al., 2010; Rinehart & Kiselica, 2010; Obst & Due, 2019; Puddifoot & Johnson, 1997; Conway & Russell, 2000), participants emphasized the need to work with bereaved men on a case-by-case basis.”
ResultA relational turbulence theory perspective on women’s grief following miscarriage
Tian, X., & Solomon, D. H. (2020) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407520910792 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Following a miscarriage, bereaved mothers may be shielded from exposure to household stressors by a partner who works quietly behind the scenes (Conway & Russell, 2000).”
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“However, in keeping with the findings of previous research completed in this area, the men in this study expressed some negative opinions with regard to service provision.(32,37,40,41) The men reported a deficiency in the timely provision of supportive information, a lack of appreciation of their role as a father who…”
ResultPregnancy loss: a major life event affecting emotional health and well‐being
Boyce, P. M., Condon, J. T., & Ellwood, D. A. (2002) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04399.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms in a Sample of Women Following Perinatal Loss
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“…miscarriage is often viewed as a minor health issue where women make a full physical recovery and quickly re-enter society with little bereavement (Conway & Russell, 2000), in recent years, miscarriage has been more accepted as a significant loss impacting both women’s and men’s well-being…”
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Dyer, E., Bell, R., Graham, R. H., & Rankin, J. M. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029930 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“Although the majority of mothers adjust and regain a sense of purpose, 15–25% seek additional support for enduring adjustment difficulties in the year after their loss [3,24], with symptoms of depression, anxiety [25], post-traumatic stress [12,16] and affective disturbance in subsequent pregnancy [26–28] identified f…”
BackgroundCommunication Privacy Management and Pregnancy Loss in Interpersonal Workplace Communication
Steimel, S. J. (2021) · Women s Studies in Communication · doi:10.1080/07491409.2020.1843579 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Women who experience pregnancy loss often turn to their social networks for support (Conway & Russell, 2000), and communication disclosures after pregnancy loss can (though certainly not always) facilitate sensemaking, well-being, and social support (Andalibi & Forte, 2018; Horstman & Holman, 2018).”
BackgroundL’impact psychologique de la fausse couche : revue de travaux
Séjourné, N., Callahan, S., & Chabrol, H. (2008) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jgyn.2008.04.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wendołowska, A. M., Kiełek-Rataj, E., Kalus, A. M., & Czyżowska, D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19041970 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“However, there are also studies that show that the level of sadness experienced by men may be higher than for women [71,73].”
BackgroundCore Outcome Sets in Miscarriage Trials (COSMisT) study: a study protocol
Smith, P., Cooper, N. A. M., Dhillon‐Smith, R. K., O’Toole, E., Clark, T. J., & Coomarasamy, A. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018535 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Predicting Comforting Quality in the Context of Miscarriage
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“In the current study, we examined factors that bereaved parents have offered as explanations for the quality of support they received (Conway & Russell, 2000; Gerber-Epstein, Leichtentritt, & Benyamini, 2008; Hutti, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialGrieving after early pregnancy loss--a common reality.
Purandare, N., Ryan, G., Ciprike, V., Trevisan, J., Sheehan, J., & Geary, M. P. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Relationship of prior custody loss to maternal–fetal bonding in a subsequent pregnancy
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“A Silent Battle”: Using a Feminist Approach to Support Couples after Miscarriage
Hiefner, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Feminist Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/08952833.2020.1793563 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…that only a minority of mothers and even fewer fathers are asked by healthcare providers about how they are coping with the miscarriage, resulting in a general perception of support from these providers as less than optimal (Bellhouse et al., 2019; Conway & Russell, 2000; Lang et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSilverio, S. A., George-Carey, R., Memtsa, M., Kent-Nye, F. E., Magee, L. A., Sheen, K. S., Burgess, K., Oza, M., Storey, C., Sandall, J., et al. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06721-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“It has previously been reported, partners of bereaved women have a different psychological response to the pregnancy loss [15, 61–64].”
BackgroundHealth care support following miscarriage in Australia: a qualitative study. How can we do better?
Yu, A. Y., Temple-Smith, M. J., & Bilardi, J. (2022) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py21090 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Methods for managing miscarriage: a network meta-analysis
Gallos, I. D., Williams, H., Price, M. J., Eapen, A. K., Eyo, M. M., Tobı́as, A., Deeks, J. J., Tunçalp, Ö., Gülmezoglu, A. M., & Coomarasamy, A. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012602 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Unfortunate Sufferer: Discursive Dynamics around Pregnancy Loss in Cameroon
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“…anthropologists have stressed the emotional suffering experienced by women (and their partners) who unintentionally lose a pregnancy (Bansen and Stevens 1992; Brier 2008; Conway and Russell 2000; Frost and Condon 1996; Jones 2001; Layne 2000, 2003, 2006; Letherby 1993; Puddifoot and Johnson 1997).”
Nazaré, B., Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2012) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2012.693154 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…between partners (Kenny et al., 2006), as noticing the partner’s reaction to the loss can not only trigger similar reactions in oneself, but also generate distress due to the perceived inability to prevent the partner’s suffering (Beutel et al., 1996; Conway & Russell, 2000; Schwab, 1992).”
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Threatened Miscarriage: Advantages and Risks
Lu, L., Li, J., Zhou, Y., Ma, H., & Hu, M. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/5589116 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Additionally, psychological distress can impact the fetus and result in preterm birth or low birth weight, and it can result in longterm consequences for the child such as deficits in cognitive functioning and an increase in negative behavior [227, 228].”
BackgroundCorrelates of miscarriage among young women in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health
Rowlands, I. J., & Lee, C. (2008) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646830701806313 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Families appear to be reluctant to talk openly about miscarriage (Cecil, 1994), and most cultures do not formally grieve miscarriage through rites and rituals (Conway & Russell, 2000).”
BackgroundBreaking the Silence: Men's Experience of Miscarriage. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
McGarva-Collins, S., Summers, S. J., & Caygill, L. (2022) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/10541373221133003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Horstman, H. K., Holman, A., & Johnsen, L. J. (2021) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2021.1919918 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Second, as with many dyadic stressors, men’s ability to cope with miscarriage likely depends on their partner’s reaction to the loss (Conway & Russell, 2000; Horstman & Holman, 2018; Swanson et al., 2003).”
BackgroundThe experience of men following stillbirth: the case of Israeli bereaved fathers
Chodik, N. G., & Baum, N. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2237541 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Most (Conway & Russell, 2000) studies on couples after stillbirth reported a greater level of distress among women compared to men, who showed a tendency towards a faster recovery (Abboud & Liamputtong, 2003; Kong et al., 2010; S. Murphy et al., 2014; Rinehart & Kiselica, 2010).”
Klinitzke, G., Dölemeyer, R., Steinig, J., Wagner, B., & Kersting, A. (2013) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000354908 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…Austausch und Erlernen von Bewältigungsstrategien sind für die Trauerarbeit vielfach als hilfreich wahrgenommen und somit als Schutz vor längerfristig bestehender verlustbezogener Psychopathologie beschrieben worden [Forrest et al., 1982; Conway and Russell, 2000; Cote-Arsenault and Freije, 2004].”
BackgroundGrief, Partner Support, Posttraumatic Growth among Women with Pregnancy Loss in Korea
Yoon, M., Jeon, Y.-B., & Lee, S. (2022) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2022.2106682 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…abortion experiences (Toffol et al., 2013), length of time that has passed after the abortion, age of gestation at the time of abortion (Broen et al., 2005), marital status (Conway & Russell, 2000), history of mental illness (Rowlands & Lee, 2010), and level of education (Engelhard et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe psychological interpretationof clinical pathology in pregnancy:a continuity hypothesis
Justo, J. M. R. D. M. (2002) · Revista Portuguesa de Psicossomática · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lockton, J., Oxlad, M., & Due, C. (2020) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2020.10.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Białek, K. I., Sadowski, M., Adamczyk-Gruszka, O. K., Młodawski, J., & Świercz, G. (2023) · Ginekologia Polska · doi:10.5603/gpl.96215 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Karali, H. F., Farhad, E. S., Poh, D. C. S. C., Wen, P. Y., Parveena, S., Siong, T. J., & Zaigham, M. T. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.33545/gynae.2021.v5.i6a.1057 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Conway and Russel (2000).”
BackgroundTrauma Associated with Perinatal Events: Birth Experience, Prematurity, and Childbearing Loss
Bergeron, L. R. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203955154-10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The second study assessed 264 women who had unassisted vaginal births at 72 hours and six weeks postpartum (Czarnocka & Slade, 2000).”
BackgroundResults of Group Psychotherapy for Abuse, Neglect and Pregnancy Loss
Ney, P. G., Ball, K., & Sheils, C. (2010) · Current Women s Health Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340410793362177 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“com loss [2, 3].”
Psychological distress following miscarriage and stillbirth
Kerns, D., & Geller, P. A. (2009) · iDEA - Drexel University Institutional Repository · doi:10.17918/etd-3070 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hurricane-Force Grief: A Mirror of Fathers’ Love
Denhup, C. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228241260979 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Other studies indicate fathers ’ grief persists longer (McNeil et al., 2021; Pohlkamp et al., 2019; Youngblut et al., 2017), increases in intensity over time (Ljungman et al., 2015; Pohlkamp et al., 2019), and is of a higher intensity in comparison to mothers (Conway & Russell, 2000).”
Kersting, A., & Nagl, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118981559.ch31 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage
Nanda, K., Peloggia, A., Nanda, G., & Grimes, D. A. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003518 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lived Experience of Miscarriage From Men's Perspective
Kalantari, S., & Abdekhodaie, Z. (2025) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807251349844 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modifikation von Risikofaktoren für frühe Fehlgeburten
Goeckenjan, M. (2018) · Der Gynäkologe · doi:10.1007/s00129-018-4223-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Auch die psychische Belastungen des Vaters bei Fehlgeburtendürfennicht vergessen werden [5].”
BackgroundF, K. H., S, F. E., T, Z. M., Poh, D. C. S. C., Wen, P. Y., Parveena, S., & Siong, T. J. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.33545/gynae.2021.v5.i6a.1053 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“3 Conway and Russell (2000) [7] EmBase Ovid Medline (R) without Revisions Qualitative 39 women and 32 partners Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) Australia”
BackgroundProphylactic antibiotics for uterine evacuation procedures to treat miscarriage
Ahmed, S. I., Ammerdorffer, A., Moakes, C. A., Cheshire, J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Coomarasamy, A., Lissauer, D. M., & Wilson, A. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014844 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EFEITOS DA SATISFAÇÃO CONJUGAL E DA UTILIDADE DE RITUAIS NA VIVÊNCIA DO LUTO NO ABORTAMENTO
de Oliveira, C. M., Silva, A. D., Costa, M. E., Martins, M. V., & Ramalho, C. M. A. (2022) · Cogitare Enfermagem · doi:10.5380/ce.v27i0.82691 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rafi, J., Muppala, H., & Sayasenah, A. (2007) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1080/01443610701469446 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“(Conway and Russel 2000) The parents wish to have staff who are empathic, caring and sensitive to individual responses, behaviour and choices (The Family-centered Maternity and Newborn Care: National Guidelines 2006).”
BackgroundStigmatizing Responses to Chrissy Teigen’s Pregnancy Loss Disclosure on Twitter
Schneider, A., & Kosenko, K. A. (2021) · Health & New Media Research · doi:10.22720/hnmr.2021.5.2.147 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Carmack, H. J., & DeGroot, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2023.2267428 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, the ambiguity and uncertainty about how to offer social support after a miscarriage has resulted in women receiving unsupportive or LPC messages (Conway & Russell, 2000; Gao et al., 2020; Rowland & Lee, 2010).”
BackgroundGender differences in attitudes to prenatal testing.
Deeks, E. (2003) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Elfer, A. (2017) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Slade, P. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543579.113
Psychological outcomes of those experiencing early pregnancy loss
Bendavid, J. (2019) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Ortiz-Aparicio, F., Rodríguez-Gómez, J., & González-Viruet, M. (2020) · Social Behavior Research and Practice - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/sbrpoj-5-127
GESTATIONAL LOSS: EMOTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
Galvão, G. M. M., Morsch, D. S., Tavares, E. C., & Bouzada, M. C. F. (2021) · American International Journal of Humanities Arts and Social Sciences · doi:10.46545/aijhass.v3i1.216
“The father of the child has been described as an essential figure (Conway; Russell, 2000).”
Backgroundvan den Akker, O. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119968382.ch13
Lammers, S. E. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Christianity Online · doi:10.1163/2211-2685_eco_r.54
- Authors
- Conway, K., & Russell, G.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Conway, Kim
- Venue
- British Journal of Medical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 531-545
- ISSN
- 0007-1129 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2162027715
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Medical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- miscarriage, perinatal grief, couples, social support, Perinatal Grief Scale, health worker support, bereavement
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Adult, Anxiety, Female, Grief, Health Personnel, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Pregnancy, Sex Factors, Social Support
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