Retrospective recall of affect in clinically depressed individuals and controls
Abstract
The current study examined the nature of retrospective recall of affect in depressed participants and nonclinical controls. Utilising the Experience Sampling Method, we compared average momentary affect reports to retrospective summaries of the same period of time. Both groups exhibited exaggerated retrospective summaries of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Greater bias for PA than NA was found in the controls but not the depressed. Across groups, depressed individuals exhibited more absolute inaccuracy in their recall of NA but not PA. For depressed and nonclinical individuals, retrospective summaries of PA were better predicted by an average of all weekly momentary PA than a combination of the most intense (“peak”) PA and most recent (“end”) PA experiences. For nonclinical participants, retrospective NA was better predicted by an average of all weekly momentary NA. For depressed individuals, however, no clear advantage to predicting retrospective NA by average weekly NA relative to a combination of peak NA and end NA was found. Based on our findings, clinicians should realise that depressive cognition may not lie in recall that is less positive and more negative than “reality” but in retrospective intensifications of all affect that are, compared to normal, relatively greater for negative than for positive affect.
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Self-reports are affected by recall bias, and depressed patients have been found to alter the content of past experiences when asked to retrieve them retrospectively.
“Likewise, self-reports are affected by recall bias. In other words, depressed patients have been found to alter the content of past experiences when asked to retrieve them retrospectively [8,9], judging symptoms as more severe [10] or increasing the elaboration of negative information [11].”
Ben-Zeev et al. found that while MDD patients retrospectively overestimated how high their levels of NA had been in real-time, controls did so to a similar degree.
“Ben-Zeev et al. (2009) found that while MDD patients retrospectively overestimated how high their levels of NA had been in real-time, controls did so to a similar degree.”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Ben-Zeev et al. (2009)
Ben-Zeev et al. found that MDD patients were less likely than healthy controls to retrospectively overestimate their levels of PA.
“Ben-Zeev et al. (2009) found that MDD patients were less likely than healthy controls to retrospectively overestimate their levels of PA.”
From Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies (2012) · cites this paper as Ben-Zeev et al. (2009)
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- Authors
- Ben-Zeev, D., Young, M. A., & Madsen, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Illinois Institute of Technology (US)
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
- Venue
- Cognition & Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1021-1040
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W1981738711
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- depression, momentary affect, positive affect, negative affect, retrospective bias, emotional memory, depressive cognitions, ecological momentary assessment
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