Mood Disorders in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review of Experience Sampling and Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many of the currently available data have been published in the past few years and have not previously been reviewed.

“Many of the currently available data have been published in the past few years and have not previously been reviewed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There has been a notable boost in the number of publications on ESM/EMA in mood disorder patients.

“Secondly, and in line with these rapid developments, there has been a notable boost in the number of publications on ESM/EMA in mood disorder patients.”

May combine two claims.

On average, MDD patients reported less enjoyment of everyday activities, more complaints, and a poorer quality of life, than healthy controls.

“On average, MDD patients reported less enjoyment of everyday activities, more complaints, and a poorer quality of life, than healthy controls.”

• cites Barge-Schaapveld et al. (1999) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Across all papers, the average number of measurement days was 11 (range 3-54).

“Across all papers, the average number of measurement days was 11 (range 3 -54), the average number of repeated measurements per day was 7 (range 2 -10), and the average total number of repeated measurements was 70 (range 12 -420).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The use of PDAs has increased over time, but paper forms remain popular.

“Their use has increased over time, but the paper forms remain popular.”

May combine two claims.

When the ESM/EMA data were analyzed in more detail (but not when a global retrospective measure was used at the end of the EMS/EMA period), patients reported their quality of life to be poor specifically in situations in which they also reported low levels of PA, high levels of NA, a lack of enjoyment of current activities, and physical complaints.

“More importantly, when the ESM/EMA data were analyzed in more detail (but not when a global retrospective measure was used at the end of the EMS/EMA period), it was found that patients reported their quality of life to be poor speci fi cally in situations in which they also reported low levels of PA, high levels of NA, a lack of enjoyment of current activities, and physical complaints.”

• cites Barge-Schaapveld et al. (1999) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many studies measured current levels of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA).

“Many studies measured current levels of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some studies used a time-contingent data recording approach.

“Most studies used a signal-contingent data recording approach; some used a time-contingent approach (i.e. participants record data at predetermined fi xed times of the day).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most studies used a signal-contingent data recording approach.

“Most studies used a signal-contingent data recording approach; some used a time-contingent approach (i.e. participants record data at predetermined fi xed times of the day).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The number of studies that used paper forms for data recording is similar to the number of studies that used personal digital assistants (PDAs).

“The number of studies that used paper forms for data recording is similar to the number of studies that used personal digital assistants (PDAs).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Across all papers, the average number of repeated measurements per day was 7 (range 2-10).

“Across all papers, the average number of measurement days was 11 (range 3 -54), the average number of repeated measurements per day was 7 (range 2 -10), and the average total number of repeated measurements was 70 (range 12 -420).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

So far these variables have included quality of life perceptions, stress experiences, recent emotional events, sleep, and physical activity.

“So far these variables have included quality of life perceptions, stress experiences, recent emotional events, sleep, and physical activity.”

May combine two claims.

On average adults with MDD report less PA and more NA than healthy controls.

“For example, the group of deVries has repeatedly found that on average adults with MDD report less PA and more NA than healthy controls (Barge-Schaapveld et al., 1999; Myin-Germeys et al., 2003; Peeters, Nicolson, Berkhof, Delespaul, et al., 2003).”

• cites Barge-Schaapveld et al., 1999 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Myin-Germeys et al., 2003 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Peeters, Nicolson, Berkhof, Delespaul, et al., 2003Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

More than half of the papers included in our review were published after the reviews by Ebner-Priemer and Trull (2009) and Wenze and Miller (2010).

“More than half of the papers included in our review were published after the reviews by Ebner-Priemer and Trull (2009) and Wenze and Miller (2010).”

• cites Ebner-Priemer and Trull (2009)Not checked yet

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• cites Wenze and Miller (2010) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Across all papers, the average total number of repeated measurements was 70 (range 12-420).

“Across all papers, the average number of measurement days was 11 (range 3 -54), the average number of repeated measurements per day was 7 (range 2 -10), and the average total number of repeated measurements was 70 (range 12 -420).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A majority of studies included patients of both genders.

“A majority of studies included patients of both genders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PDAs were first used for ESM/EMA studies in mood disorder patients less than a decade ago.

“PDAs were fi rst used for ESM/EMA studies in mood disorder patients less than a decade ago (Myin-Germeys et al., 2003).”

• cites Myin-Germeys et al., 2003 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Myin-Germeys et al. (2003) found that only the association between current stress and NA levels was stronger in the patients than in the controls; the association between current stress and PA levels was equally strong in both groups.

“However, Myin-Germeys et al. (2003) found that only the association between current stress and NA levels was stronger in the patients than in the controls; the association between current stress and PA levels was equally strong in both groups.”

• cites Myin-Germeys et al. (2003) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A few studies made direct comparisons between MDD and BD patients or between mood disorder patients and other groups of patients.

“Most studies compared patients with MDD to healthy controls, some compared patients with BD (mostly type 1) to healthy controls, and a few made direct comparisons between MDD and BD patients or between mood disorder patients and other groups of patients.”

May combine two claims.

Bylsma et al. found that MDD patients and healthy controls reported less PA retrospectively to a similar degree, and the data remain inconclusive.

“Bylsma et al. (2011) found that MDD patients and healthy controls reported less PA retrospectively to a similar degree, and so at this point the data remain inconclusive.”

• cites Bylsma et al. (2011)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the past 20 years, there has been a steady increase in the number of papers on ESM/EMA in patients with mood disorders.

“In the past 20 years, there has been a steady increase in the number of papers on ESM/EMA in patients with mood disorders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Cortisol is currently the only neurobiological variable added directly to ESM/EMA protocols.

“cortisol is currently the only neurobiological variable to have been added directly to ESM/EMA protocols (Topic 6).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many ESM/EMA studies in MDD and BD have focused on PA and NA in the context of self-appraised positive and negative everyday events.

“Many ESM/EMA studies in MDD and BD have focused on PA and NA in the context of self-appraised positive and negative everyday events.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ESM/EMA studies tend to recruit a substantial number of participants who commit significant time and generate a lot of data, making these studies labor intensive and expensive.

“ESM/EMA studies tend to recruit a substantial number of participants who commit a signi fi cant amount of time and generate a lot of data. This can make these studies labor intensive and expensive.”

May combine two claims.

Studies published before 1994 were excluded since they did not use the current version of the DSM to diagnose the mood disorder.

“Studies published before 1994 were excluded since they did not use the current version of the DSM (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, 2000) to diagnose the mood disorder; participants in these early studies (e.g., Mokros, 1993) suffered from major depressive episodes but it is unclear whether they had MDD or BD.”

• cites American Psychiatric Association, 1994, 2000Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If articles found using our search cited additional studies that met our criteria, then these were also included.

“If articles found using our search cited additional studies that met our criteria, then these were also included.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mood disorder patients' symptom recall is biased by their dysfunctional attitudes about themselves and their surroundings.

“It has been argued, however, that mood disorder patients' symptom recall is biased by their dysfunctional attitudes about themselves and their surroundings.”

• cites Beck, 1963 sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Studies in inpatients residing on hospital wards were excluded.

“Studies in inpatients residing on hospital wards were also excluded, as were outpatient studies that took place over 24 h or less.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Over the years ESM/EMA has become much more sophisticated, especially in its data analytic approaches.

“Over the years ESM/EMA has become much more sophisticated, especially in its data analytic approaches, with promising potential for both research and clinical practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In May 2012 we searched the online PsycInfo and PubMed databases for relevant studies using the following string of search terms: ( ' diary ' OR ' ecological momentary assessment ' OR ' experience sampling ' ) AND ( ' affective disorder ' OR ' bipolar disorder ' OR ' depression ' OR ' mood disorder ' ).

“In May 2012 we searched the online PsycInfo and PubMed databases for relevant studies using the following string of search terms: ( ' diary ' OR ' ecological momentary assessment ' OR ' experience sampling ' ) AND ( ' affective disorder ' OR ' bipolar disorder ' OR ' depression ' OR ' mood disorder ' ).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

With up to 10 signals per day over multiple days, and usually only a few missed signals, the number of repeated measurements per participant is much higher than the number obtained with more traditional self-report measures.

“With up to 10 signals per day over multiple days, and usually only a few missed signals, the number of repeated measurements per participant is much higher than the number obtained with more traditional self-report measures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Studies not published in English were excluded.

“Finally, dissertations were excluded, as were studies not published in English.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Seven adolescents diagnosed with a major depressive episode by an experienced clinician were still considered depressed a week later based on the clinician's ratings of their recalled symptoms.

“Seven adolescents were diagnosed with a major depressive episode by an experienced clinician. A week later all patients were still considered depressed, based on the clinician's ratings of their recalled symptoms.”

• cites Mokros (1993) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ESM/EMA is increasingly used in mood disorders research.

“Given the focus on people's internal affective states, activities, and behaviors, it is not surprising that ESM/EMA is increasingly used in mood disorders research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ebner-Priemer and Trull (2009) reviewed relevant studies in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), or borderline personality disorder.

“Ebner-Priemer and Trull (2009) reviewed relevant studies in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), or borderline personality disorder.”

• cites Ebner-Priemer and Trull (2009)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Outpatient studies that took place over 24 h or less were excluded.

“Studies in inpatients residing on hospital wards were also excluded, as were outpatient studies that took place over 24 h or less.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dissertations were excluded.

“Finally, dissertations were excluded, as were studies not published in English.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

We only included studies in which participants met clinical criteria for MDD or BD, had a primary diagnosis of a mood disorder, and were assessed outside the laboratory more than once per day.

“Like Wenze and Miller (2010), we only included studies in which participants met clinical criteria for MDD or BD, had a primary diagnosis of a mood disorder, and were assessed outside the laboratory more than once per day.”

• cites Wenze and Miller (2010) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A lack of positive events might be especially detrimental to MDD patients because when these events do occur patients benefit more from them than controls.

“Indeed a lack of positive events might be especially detrimental to these patients because when these events do occur patients bene fi t more from them than controls.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

MDD patients may report fewer positive events than controls and perceive these events as less pleasant and more stressful.

“Due to their cognitive biases (Beck, 1963), MDD patients may report fewer positive events than controls and perceive these events as less pleasant and more stressful.”

• cites Beck, 1963 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

MDD patients reported larger negative affect increases after unpleasant activities than controls, while positive affect increases after pleasant activities were similar across the two groups.

“They also reported larger NA increases after unpleasant activities than controls, while PA increases after pleasant activities were similar across the two groups (Wichers et al., 2009).”

• cites Wichers et al., 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In MDD, high stress sensitivity in everyday life may be the result of an inherited vulnerability combined with acquired developmental challenges such as childhood adversity, which may however be offset by positive events eliciting positive affect.

“These fi ndings suggest that, in MDD, high stress sensitivity in everyday life may be the result of an inherited vulnerability combined with acquired developmental challenges (e.g., childhood adversity), that may however be offset by positive events eliciting PA.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Events of interest may be more likely to occur in some people than in others, and their frequency may also change from day to day within individual persons.

“Notably, events of interest may be more likely to occur in some people than in others, and their frequency may also change from day to day within individual persons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The associations between low positive affect and high negative affect and ongoing stress and events might help explain the observed links between low positive affect and high negative affect and a perceived poor quality of life.

“These associations might help explain the observed links between low PA and high NA on the one hand and a perceived poor quality of life on the other hand.”

May combine two claims.

Low current levels of positive affect and/or high current levels of negative affect in symptomatic adults with MDD have thus far been associated with ongoing stress and the experience of positive and negative events.

“To summarize the data available on Topic 1, low current levels of PA and/or high current levels of NA in symptomatic adults with MDDhave thus far been associated with ongoing stress and the experience of positive and negative events.”

May combine two claims.

When a signal-contingent data recording approach is used, it is only possible to inquire about 'recent' events, and events may occur several hours before the data recording takes place.

“However, when a signal-contingent data recording approach is used, it is only possible to inquire about ' recent ' events (e.g. Myin-Germeys et al., 2003; Peeters et al., 2003b). In this case, events may occur several hours before the data recording takes place.”

• cites Myin-Germeys et al., 2003 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Peeters et al., 2003bNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

The association between current stress and negative affect is stronger in MDD, and this finding has been replicated by comparing women whose twin sisters had been diagnosed with MDD to women without an MDD twin.

“the fi nding that the association between current stress and NA is stronger in MDD has been replicated by comparing women whose twin sisters had been diagnosed with MDDto women without an MDD twin (Wichers et al., 2007).”

• cites Wichers et al., 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

During the baseline ESM/EMA period, MDD patients reported relatively little positive affect, a lot of negative affect, many physical complaints, limited enjoyment of everyday activities, and a poor quality of life.

“during the baseline ESM/EMA period patients reported relatively little PA, a lot of NA, many physical complaints, limited enjoyment of everyday activities, and a poor quality of life (Barge-Schaapveld et al., 1999).”

• cites Barge-Schaapveld et al., 1999 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Over the course of six weeks of fluvoxamine or amitryptiline treatment, MDD patients' levels of positive affect increased and their levels of negative affect decreased.

“Over the course of six weeks of fl uvoxamine or amitryptiline treatment, their levels of PA increased and their levels of NA decreased.”

• cites Barge-Schaapveld et al. (1995) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The different results across the two studies on sleep quality and positive affect may be explained by methodological differences in the nature of the sleep quality assessment, the medication status of participants, and patient compliance with the ESM/EMA protocol.

“The different results across the two studies may be explained by methodological differences between the studies in terms of the nature of the sleep quality assessment, the medication status of the study participants, and patient compliance with the ESM/EMA protocol.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bower et al. (2010) reported that poor sleep quality was predictive of low current levels of positive affect even when group status (MDD or control) was accounted for.

“While Bower et al. (2010) reported that poor sleep quality was predictive of low current levels of PA even when group status (MDD or control) was accounted for, Peeters et al. (2006) found no such association.”

• cites Bower et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Improved quality of life is considered an important outcome in the treatment of MDD.

“Knowing which symptoms may prevent patients from reporting a good quality of life, and that it may be patients' poor perceptions of their quality of life that may lead them to report less PA and more NA, is essential because improved quality of life is considered an important outcome in the treatment of MDD (IsHak et al., 2011).”

• cites IsHak et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In women at risk for MDD, the association between current stress and negative affect was larger when they had experienced adversity during childhood, yet smaller when their current levels of positive affect were relatively high.

“Wichers et al. (2007, 2009) further showed that the association between current stress and NA in women at risk for MDD was larger when they had experienced adversity during childhood yet smaller when their current levels of PA were relatively high.”

• cites Wichers et al. (2007, 2009)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When an event-contingent data recording approach is used, no such lag exists.

“In contrast, when an event-contingent data recording approach is used, no such lag exists.”

May combine two claims.

Side effects had an immediate negative effect on patients' quality of life perceptions, apparently explaining treatment drop-out.

“The emergence of side effects in week 1 was a positive predictor of treatment drop-out at the end of week 6, apparently because they had an immediate negative effect on patients' quality of life perceptions (Barge-Schaapveld & Nicolson, 2002).”

May combine two claims.

Event-contingent data recording is useful when studying physiological responses to specific events and when asking participants about details of the characteristics of these events.

“This is useful not only when studying physiological responses to speci fi c events (e.g. Kamarck et al., 2002), but also when asking participants about details of the characteristics of these events (e.g., Moskowitz, 1994).”

• cites Kamarck et al., 2002 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Moskowitz, 1994 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Patients with schizophrenia were found to differ from controls not only in how much stress increased their levels of negative affect but also in how much stress decreased their levels of positive affect.

“patients with schizophrenia, who were found to be different from controls not only in how much stress increased their levels of NA but also in how much stress decreased their levels of PA (MyinGermeys et al., 2003).”

• cites MyinGermeys et al., 2003Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Stress may contribute to relapse in men with a history of MDD, whereas in women stress may contribute both to the development of MDD and to relapse.

“Stress may thus contribute to relapse in men with a history of MDD, whereas in women stress may contribute both to the development of MDD and to relapse.”

May combine two claims.

Only patients who received mindfulness training rated their current activities as increasingly pleasant, their positive affect levels increased, and their negative affect levels decreased.

“Only patients who received mindfulness training rated their current activities as increasingly pleasant, their PA levels increased and their NA levels decreased.”

• cites Geschwind, Peeters, et al., 2011Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Positive affect and negative affect are both sensitive to treatment.

“In summary, ESM/EMA studies have shown that PA and NA are both sensitive to treatment, that the magnitude and speed with which their levels change may predict clinical improvement, that having affective responses to emotional events at baseline might be a good prognostic tool for predicting treatment response, and that PA, NA, and affective responses to emotional events all normalize in treatment”

May combine two claims.

Patients in remission may be less motivated to continue exercising after recovery from a depressive episode, even though they are relatively sensitive to the positive effects of physical activity during the episode.

“This suggests that patients in remission may be less motivated to continue exercising after recovery from a depressive episode, even though they are relatively sensitive to the positive effects of physical activity during the episode (Mata et al., 2012).”

May combine two claims.

Positive affect, negative affect, and affective responses to emotional events all normalize in treatment responders but not in non-responders.

“In summary, ESM/EMA studies have shown that PA and NA are both sensitive to treatment, that the magnitude and speed with which their levels change may predict clinical improvement, that having affective responses to emotional events at baseline might be a good prognostic tool for predicting treatment response, and that PA, NA, and affective responses to emotional events all normalize in treatment”

May combine two claims.

These associations between sleep and affect in MDD youth were not seen in the control group or in youth with anxiety disorders.

“These associations were not seen in the control group (or in youth with anxiety disorders).”

• cites Cousins et al. (2011) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This context specificity of high negative affect in pediatric MDD might disappear when patients become adults.

“This context speci fi city might disappear when patients become adults.”

May combine two claims.

Using preliminary data from 21 mildly to moderately depressed individuals, Wichers et al. (2011) showed that their ESM/EMA approach is both feasible and potentially helpful for MDD patients.

“Using preliminary data from 21 mildly to moderately depressed individuals, Wichers et al. (2011) showed that their approach is both feasible and potentially helpful for MDD patients.”

• cites Wichers et al. (2011) sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

MDD youth reported fewer planned activities, less positive affect, and more negative affect than healthy controls.

“Moreover, they reported fewer planned activities, less PA, and more NA.”

• cites Axelson et al. (2003) sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Bower et al. (2010) reported worse sleep quality in the MDD group than in a control group, which predicted low daily levels of positive affect.

“Bower et al. (2010) reported worse sleep quality in the MDD group than in a control group, which predicted low daily levels of PA.”

• cites Bower et al. (2010) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Male patients in remission from MDD experienced more depressed mood following stressful events than male controls, whereas there was no such difference between female remitted patients and female controls.

“they found that male patients in remission from MDD experienced more depressed mood following stressful events than male controls, whereas there was no such difference between female remitted patients and female controls.”

• cites Husky et al. (2009) sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

ESM data showed that patients considered remitted at week 18 still reported more physical complaints than healthy controls and a poorer quality of life.

“Nonetheless, the ESM data (but, again, not the retrospectively obtained data) showed that patients considered remitted at this point still reported more physical complaints than healthy controls and a poorer quality of life.”

• cites Barge-Schaapveld & Nicolson, 2002Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lingering complaints about everyday life might be responsible for patients relapsing over time.

“This insight is important because lingering complaints about everyday life might be responsible for patients relapsing over time.”

May combine two claims.

In the imipramine group, positive affect responses to pleasant activities had increased more strongly and negative affect responses to unpleasant activities had decreased more strongly.

“Moreover, in the imipramine group PA responses to pleasant activities had increased more strongly and NA responses to unpleasant activities had decreased more strongly (Wichers et al., 2009).”

• cites Wichers et al., 2009Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Quality of life at the end of week 6 had on average increased to a similar degree in both imipramine and placebo groups, but within-person variability in quality of life measured using ESM/EMA had decreased more in the imipramine group.

“While quality of life assessed at the end of week 6 had on average increased to a similar degree in both groups, within-person (i.e. measurement-to-measurement or situation-to-situation) variability in quality of life measured using ESM/ EMA had decreased more in the imipramine group (Barge-Schaapveld & Nicolson, 2002).”

• cites Barge-Schaapveld & Nicolson, 2002Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Ben-Zeev et al. found that while MDD patients retrospectively overestimated how high their levels of NA had been in real-time, controls did so to a similar degree.

“Ben-Zeev et al. (2009) found that while MDD patients retrospectively overestimated how high their levels of NA had been in real-time, controls did so to a similar degree.”

• cites Ben-Zeev et al. (2009) sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There appeared to be no significant association either between daily caffeine consumption and subsequent sleep or between sleep and subsequent caffeine consumption in MDD youth.

“while MDD youth were found to consume more caffeine than aged-matched controls, there appeared to be no signi fi cant association either between daily caffeine consumption and subsequent sleep or between sleep and subsequent caffeine consumption.”

• cites Whalen et al. (2008) sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Mokros found that depressed adolescents were not necessarily more likely than controls to report sadness and irritability in real-time, yet they were more likely to report these symptoms retrospectively.

“Mokros (1993) found that depressed adolescents were not necessarily more likely than controls to report sadness and irritability in real-time, yet they were more likely to report these symptoms retrospectively.”

• cites Mokros (1993) sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Promoting sleep hygiene might benefit youth with MDD more than adults with MDD.

“This suggests that promoting sleep hygiene (Berk, 2009) might bene fi t youth with MDD more than adults with MDD.”

• cites Berk, 2009Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Changes in PA and NA in response to emotional events may influence cortisol levels differently in MDD patients than in BD patients.

“changes in PA and NA in response to emotional events may infl uence cortisol levels differently in MDD patients than in BD patients”

May combine two claims.

MDD patients in remission may appear similar to controls at a global level of functioning, but ESM/EMA can still reveal subtle abnormalities that could potentially contribute to future relapse.

“The data from BargeSchaapveld and Nicolson (2002) and Husky et al. (2009) suggest that while MDD patients in remission may appear similar to controls at a global level of functioning, ESM/EMA can still reveal subtle abnormalities that could potentially contribute to future relapse.”

• cites BargeSchaapveld and Nicolson (2002)Not checked yet

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• cites Husky et al. (2009) sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Sleep might be mood-restorative in youth with MDD but not or no longer in adults with MDD.

“Data from studies that have looked at PA and NA in relation to sleep suggest that sleep might be mood-restorative in youth with MDD (Cousins et al., 2011), but not or no longer in adults with MDD (Bower et al., 2010; Peeters et al., 2006).”

• cites Cousins et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Bower et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Peeters et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Depressed patients may be negatively biased in their recall of past states and events and overestimate their level of symptoms and stress.

“depressed patients may be negatively biased in their recall of past states and events and overestimate their level of symptoms and stress (Beck, 1963).”

• cites Beck, 1963 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

ESM/EMA data fed back to individual patients close in time to their recording may give them insight into factors influencing their everyday moods and could therefore be therapeutic.

“ESM/EMA data that are fed back to individual patients close in time to their recording may give them insight into the factors that in fl uence their everyday moods and could therefore be therapeutic (Axelson et al., 2003; Depp et al., 2010; Wichers et al., 2011).”

• cites Axelson et al., 2003 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Depp et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Wichers et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ESM/EMA can provide insight into the influences treatment has on patients' everyday lives and vice versa.

“ESM/EMA can provide insight into the in fl uences treatment has on patients' everyday lives and vice versa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The MDD group may have differed from the control group in caffeine consumption, and possibly in sleep quality, due to comorbid anxiety disorders in some patients.

“Nonetheless, since caffeine consumption in the MDD group was positively associated with nervousness, this group may have differed from the control group in caffeine consumption, and possibly in sleep quality, due to comorbid anxiety disorders in some patients.”

May combine two claims.

A subgroup of BD patients with mild depressive symptoms shows large increases in NA following exposure to negative events, which they experience as relatively stressful.

“a subgroup with mild depressive symptoms shows large increases in NA following exposure to negative events (Havermans et al., 2010), which they experience as relatively stressful (Havermans et al., 2007).”

• cites Havermans et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Havermans et al., 2007 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The intensive repeated measurement of brain function using pupil dilation, EEG, or fMRI is not feasible.

“the intensive repeated measurement of brain function using pupil dilation, EEG, or fMRI is not feasible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Very sensitive, non-invasive, and ecologically valid methods for measuring light exposure and physical activity continuously and in real-time are available.

“very sensitive, non-invasive, and ecologically valid methods for measuring light exposure and physical activity continuously and in real-time are available for this purpose (aan het Rot, Moskowitz, & Young, 2008a; Jones, Tai, Evershed, Knowles, & Bentall, 2006).”

• cites aan het Rot, Moskowitz, & Young, 2008aNot checked yet

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• cites Jones, Tai, Evershed, Knowles, & Bentall, 2006Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The natural environment setting of ESM/EMA data collection facilitates generalization to real life.

“The fact that ESM/EMA data collection takes place in people's natural environments is a tremendous advantage because it facilitates generalization to real life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Light exposure and physical activity are thought to be beneficial to patients with MDD.

“both are thought to be bene fi cial to patients with MDD (aan het Rot, Collins, & Fitterling, 2009a; Golden et al., 2005)”

• cites aan het Rot, Collins, & Fitterling, 2009aNot checked yet

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• cites Golden et al., 2005 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Together, the data support the event-contingent recording of mood disorder patients' social interactions.

“Together these data support the event-contingent recording of mood disorder patients' social interactions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MDD patients are at risk for cardiovascular disease.

“Adding the repeated measurement of blood pressure (and heart rate, for which ambulatory devices are also available) to ESM/EMA studies of MDD patients may ultimately help explain why they are at risk for cardiovascular disease (van der Kooy et al., 2007).”

• cites van der Kooy et al., 2007 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The event-contingent recording method was designed for real-time assessment of interpersonal behavior.

“It was designed for the real-time assessment of interpersonal behavior but has also been used to measure people's perceptions of the behavior of their interaction partners, as well as PA and NA in the context of social interactions (for a review, see Moskowitz, 2005).”

• cites Moskowitz, 2005 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Signal- and time-contingent recording may result in a substantial lag between the timing of an event and patients' reporting of it, and patients' appraisal of the event may be significantly altered in the meantime.

“Signal- and time-contingent recording may result in a substantial lag between the timing of an event and patients' reporting of it. In the meantime patients' appraisal of the event may be signi fi cantly altered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Nezlek study used a time-contingent approach for recording social interactions, whereas an event-contingent approach might have been preferable to avoid memory bias.

“Unfortunately, the study used a time-contingent approach for recording social interactions whereas to avoid memory bias an event-contingent approach might have been preferable.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The clinically therapeutic effects of antidepressants are usually only reported 2-6 weeks into treatment.

“Harmer, Goodwin, and Cowen (2009) have suggested that their clinically therapeutic effects, usually only reported 2 -6 weeks into treatment, may be explained by acute but very subtle changes in emotional processing that accumulate over time.”

• cites Harmer, Goodwin, and Cowen (2009) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Acute but very subtle changes in emotional processing that accumulate over time may explain the delayed therapeutic effects of antidepressants.

“Harmer, Goodwin, and Cowen (2009) have suggested that their clinically therapeutic effects, usually only reported 2 -6 weeks into treatment, may be explained by acute but very subtle changes in emotional processing that accumulate over time.”

• cites Harmer, Goodwin, and Cowen (2009) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

ESM/EMA may come to play an important role in personalized medicine.

“In other words, ESM/EMA may come to play an important role in personalized medicine.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In healthy adults, those with higher depression scores reported more submissive and fewer dominant behaviors than those with low scores.

“Participants with higher depression scores reported more submissive and fewer dominant behaviors than participants with low scores.”

• cites Zuroff, Fournier, & Moskowitz, 2007Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Asking patients to report all recent positive and negative events may not be ideal because definitions about what constitutes an emotional event may vary from person to person.

“it can be argued that asking patients to report all recent positive and negative events may not be ideal, for example because de fi nitions about what constitutes an emotional event may vary from person to person.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is likely that subtle psychological changes occur well before patients become consciously aware of their improved mood.

“It is likely that such subtle psychological changes occur well before patients become consciously aware of their improved mood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In MDD patients, an increase in positive affect during the first week of antidepressant treatment may be predictive of clinical improvement after the sixth treatment week.

“ESM/EMA data recorded in MDD patients in the fi rst week of antidepressant treatment have shown that an increase in PA in this week may be predictive of clinical improvement after the sixth treatment week (Geschwind, Nicolson, et al., 2011).”

• cites Geschwind, Nicolson, et al., 2011Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The likely early occurrence of subtle psychological changes might help explain why most antidepressants have a delayed onset of action.

“This might help explain why most antidepressants have a delayed onset of action.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

D'Antono et al. (2001) found that women with higher blood pressure subsequently reported more submissive behaviors and fewer agreeable behaviors.

“These results resemble those of D'Antono, Ditto, Moskowitz, and Rios (2001) who measured blood pressure on a single occasion at baseline and found that women with a higher blood pressure subsequently reported more submissive behaviors and fewer agreeable behaviors.”

• cites D'Antono, Ditto, Moskowitz, and Rios (2001)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

VAR modeling can unravel complex relationships between variables and make it possible to infer person-level cause-effect relationships.

“The temporal dynamics between two or more variables may be investigated using vector auto-regression (VAR) models. This way complex relationships between variables can be unraveled, such that it becomes possible to make inferences about person-level cause -effect relationships (Wild et al., 2010).”

• cites Wild et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Compared to low scorers, high scorers changed their interpersonal behavior differently in response to interacting with others perceived as dominant and/or agreeable.

“Moreover, compared to these low scorers, the high scorers changed their interpersonal behavior differently in response to interacting with others perceived as dominant and/or agreeable.”

• cites Zuroff, Fournier, & Moskowitz, 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Most currently available antidepressants have a delayed onset of action.

“Indeed, another opportunity for ESM/EMA in the context of mood disorders research is created in the context of the delayed onset of action of most currently available antidepressants.”

• cites Harmer, Goodwin, and Cowen (2009) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ilies et al. (2010) found that when negative affect was higher, blood pressure was higher, without any association between positive affect and blood pressure.

“Ilies et al. (2010) found that when NA was higher, blood pressure was higher, without any association between PA and blood pressure.”

• cites Ilies et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data obtained using the event-contingent recording method are suggestive of abnormal gender-specific patterns of social functioning in children of bipolar disorder patients.

“Other data obtained using this method are suggestive of abnormal gender-speci fi c patterns of social functioning in children of BD patients (Linnen, aan het Rot, Ellenbogen, & Young, 2009).”

• cites Linnen, aan het Rot, Ellenbogen, & Young, 2009Not checked yet

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