Parsing trait and state effects of depression severity on neurocognition: Evidence from a 26-year longitudinal study.
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive dysfunction in mood disorders falls along a continuum, such that more severe current depression is associated with greater cognitive impairment. It is not clear whether this association reflects transient state effects of current symptoms on cognitive performance, or persistent, trait-like differences in cognition that are related to overall disorder severity. We addressed this question in 42 unipolar and 47 bipolar participants drawn from a 26-year longitudinal study of psychopathology, using measures of attention/psychomotor processing speed, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, and verbal memory. We assessed (a) the extent to which current symptom severity and past average disorder severity predicted unique variance in cognitive performance; (b) whether cognitive performance covaried with within-individual changes in symptom severity; and (c) the stability of neurocognitive measures over six years. We also tested for differences among unipolar and bipolar groups and published norms. Past average depression severity predicted performance on attention/psychomotor processing speed in both groups, and in cognitive flexibility among unipolar participants, even after controlling for current symptom severity, which did not independently predict cognition. Within-participant state changes in depressive symptoms did not predict change in any cognitive domain. All domains were stable over the course of six years. Both groups showed generalized impairment relative to published norms, and bipolar participants performed more poorly than unipolar participants on attention/psychomotor processing speed. The results suggest a stable relationship between mood disorder severity and cognitive deficits.
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Cognitive control impairments exhibit trait-like stability.
“Finally, MDD is characterized by broad impairments in cognitive control, which often persist following remission (Snyder, 2013) and exhibit trait-like stability (Sarapas et al, 2012).”
From Neural Correlates of Three Promising Endophenotypes of Depression: Evidence from the EMBARC Study (2016) · cites this paper as Sarapas et al, 2012
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- Authors
- Sarapas, C., Shankman, S. A., Harrow, M., & Goldberg, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 830-837
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC3623952
- OpenAlex
- W2060287493
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-26341, MH-068688)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression severity, neurocognitive function, cognitive impairment, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, mood disorders, processing speed, attention, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, verbal memory, cognitive stability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Attention, Bipolar Disorder, Cognition, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Severity of Illness Index
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