Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on a Behavioural Measure of Rumination in Patients with Chronic, Treatment-Resistant Depression
Open accessAbstract
It has been found that Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) reduces rumination in remitted and currently depressed patients. However, less is known about the effects of MBCT on rumination in chronically and treatment-resistant depressed patients. Typically, questionnaires are used to assess rumination, but this introduces the risk of response and recall biases. A recent systematic review (van der Velden et al. Clinical Psychology Review 37:26–39, 2015) proposes to also include behavioural measures. A behavioural measure that has previously been used to assess rumination in dysphoric students is the breathing focus task (BFT). The first aim of this research was to investigate whether the BFT can be used in chronically, treatment-resistant depressed patients to measure rumination. We therefore administered the BFT in patients with chronic, treatment-resistant depression (n = 73) and compared them with never-depressed controls (n = 106). Patients reported significantly more negative thought intrusions and subsequent sad mood. Secondly we tested in a randomized-controlled trial whether MBCT in combination with treatment-as-usual (MBCT + TAU, n = 26) compared with TAU (n = 36) reduces rumination assessed with the BFT in chronically, treatment-resistant depressed patients. Negative thought intrusions significantly decreased in the MBCT + TAU condition, compared with TAU. The results show that MBCT reduces rumination assessed with the BFT in chronically, treatment-resistant depressed patients.
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The positive effects of mindfulness may occur through increased attention control, emotion regulation abilities, and self-awareness.
“Several papers suggest that the positive effects of mindfulness may occur through increased attention control, emotion regulation abilities, and self-awareness, which are associated with improved self-regulation skills [37,38,39,40,41].”
From Being in the moment so you can keep moving forward: Mindfulness and rumination mediate the relationship between attachment orientations and negative conflict styles (2020) · cites this paper as [39]
The Breathing Focus Task results (page unavailable) report fewer negative thought intrusions after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy plus usual care than after usual care alone, supporting a positive effect in this patient group. They found no significant differential improvement in focus on breathing, and the paper does not establish increased attention control, emotion regulation, or self-awareness as mechanisms of that effect. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth the CHIME and the CHIME-SF have proved to be sensitive to change.
“Conclusively, both the CHIME and the CHIME-SF have proved to be sensitive to change [38].”
From The Effectiveness of a Four-Week Online Mindfulness Training Course on Individual Mindfulness Skills and Personal Perception of Stress in Company Employees Working from Home (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
The Questionnaires section identifies the mindfulness measure as the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), while the Breathing Focus Task section reports changes in negative thought intrusions. Searches for CHIME, CHIME-SF, and the expanded scale name found no passage addressing whether either scale is sensitive to change. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious research has generally found a moderate to strong correlation between mindfulness training and emotional resilience and satisfaction.
“Previous research has generally found a moderate to strong correlation between mindfulness training and emotional resilience and satisfaction [18,22,38,55,56].”
From The Effectiveness of a Four-Week Online Mindfulness Training Course on Individual Mindfulness Skills and Personal Perception of Stress in Company Employees Working from Home (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
The Correlations section reports associations among mindfulness skills, rumination, and depressive symptoms, but not emotional resilience or satisfaction. Searches for “resilience” and “satisfaction” found no passage reporting the claimed moderate-to-strong correlation; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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- Authors
- Cladder-Micus, M. B., Becker, E. S., Spijker, J., Speckens, A. E. M., & Vrijsen, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Cladder-Micus, Mira B.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2019-02-13
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 666-678
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W2914113289
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fonds Psychische Gezondheid (2011 6630)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, rumination, chronic depression, treatment-resistant depression, sad mood
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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