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The future is here: A review of foresight systems in anxiety and depression
Abstract
Cognitive models of anxiety and depression have long suggested a central role for future-oriented thinking in these disorders. Experimental studies suggest that anxiety and depression are characterised by distinct future-oriented thinking profiles, and that these profiles are markedly different from those of asymptomatic adults. In this paper, we review these profiles and propose two explanatory models marked by two different neurocognitive systems. The Reconstructive Memory Model emphasises a role for emotionally driven learning and retrieval in episodic foresight (i.e., the construction of future-oriented scenarios), and the Valuation Model proposes that an overweighing of risk and uncertainty estimates can be invoked to explain the future-oriented thought patterns. We consider the effectiveness of interventions aimed at altering such thought patterns. We suggest that future research aimed at elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of future-oriented thinking in anxiety and depression can play an important role in advancing development of effective biological and psychosocial interventions for these disorders.
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“Both conditions are commonly characterized by negative, future-oriented thought patterns [134,135].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [134]
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“Anxiety and depression are characterized by a higher NA component, whether only depression is distinguished of low PA, and anxiety is singularly characterized by hyperarousal (Clark and Watson, 1991; Miloyan et al., 2014).”
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“Based on the negative effect of anxiety on EFT and the impairment of executive function during anxiety (Du et al., 2022a; Miloyan et al., 2014, 2016; Salgado & Berntsen, 2020), we posit that the processing time of both event construction and elaboration phases will be longer under the state anxiety…”
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“Considering that the sense of hopelessness and helplessness are the main features of depression and anxiety (Beck, 1979; Miloyan et al., 2014), individuals with higher depression and anxiety are likely to have a reduced likelihood of using adaptive coping styles because the stressors may be…”
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“Within anxiety-related frameworks, this anxiety further reinforces a pessimistic perception of the future (Miloyan et al., 2013 ; Serrano et al., 2021).”
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“…point of consideration, giving that earlier research identi fi ed autobiographical memory to be a signi fi cant contributor for prospective thinking (Miloyan et al., 2014; Morina et al., 2011), and episodic autobiographical memory was contrasted to semantic autobiographical memory in its essence of…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Miloyan, B., Pachana, N. A., & Suddendorf, T.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Miloyan, Beyon
- Venue
- Cognition and Emotion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-12-09
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 795-810
- ISSN
- 0269-9931 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0600
- OpenAlex
- W1985976978
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition & Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- future thinking, anxiety, depression, cognitive models of anxiety, cognitive models of depression, episodic foresight, memory reconstruction, valuation models, cognitive intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological, Thinking, Memory, Episodic
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