Depression and prospection
Abstract
Objectives: Prospection, the mental representation of possible futures, is usually adaptive. When it goes awry, however, it disrupts emotion and motivation. A negative view of the future is typically seen as one symptom of depression, but we suggest that such negative prospection is the core causal element of depression. Here, we describe the empirical evidence supporting this framework, and we explore the implications for clinical interventions. Methods: We integrate several literatures: Using the database PsycInfo, we retrieved empirical studies with the keywords prospection , prediction , expectation , pessimism , mental simulation , future‐thinking , future‐directed thinking , foresight , and/or mental time travel , in conjunction with depression , depressed , or depressive . Results: Three kinds of faulty prospection, taken together, could drive depression: Poor generation of possible futures, poor evaluation of possible futures, and negative beliefs about the future. Depressed mood and poor functioning, in turn, may maintain faulty prospection and feed a vicious cycle. Future‐oriented treatment strategies drawn from cognitive‐behavioural therapy help to fix poor prospection, and they deserve to be developed further. Conclusions: Prospection‐based techniques may lead to transdiagnostic treatment strategies for depression and other disorders. Practitioner points: Faulty prospection may be the core process underlying depression. Three general problems of prospection, taken together, could drive depression: Poor generation of possible futures, poor evaluation of possible futures, and negative beliefs about the future. Faulty prospection can be helped using future‐oriented treatment strategies from cognitive‐behavioural therapy, and basic research on prospection points to additional future‐oriented clinical strategies for alleviating depression. More research is needed to determine whether prospection drives depression, and whether future‐focused interventions are more effective than those focused on the past and present.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Both depression and anxiety are commonly characterized by negative, future-oriented thought patterns.
“Both conditions are commonly characterized by negative, future-oriented thought patterns [134,135].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
The structure of psychological well-being revisited.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719 · Cited by 10,285 · see citing works
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation.
Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., & Pivik, J. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.7.4.524 · Cited by 8,227 · see citing works
An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion
Weiner, B. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548 · Cited by 7,846 · see citing works
Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation.
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.87.1.49 · Cited by 7,121 · see citing works
Self-citationAcceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 · Cited by 6,587 · see citing works
(1999) · Cited by 5,934 · see citing works
Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-7217 · Cited by 5,543 · see citing works
The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037562 · Cited by 5,494 · see citing works
Freud, S. (1922) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-192211000-00066 · Cited by 5,444 · see citing works
Self-concept: validation of construct interpretations.
Shavelson, R. J., Hubner, J. J., & Stanton, G. C. (1976) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543046003407 · Cited by 4,164 · see citing works
Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.96.2.358 · Cited by 3,722 · see citing works
Cognitive Therapy in Depression
Kovács, M. (1980) · Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1521/jaap.1.1980.8.1.127 · Cited by 3,422 · see citing works
The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003 · Cited by 3,215 · see citing works
Defining empirically supported therapies.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.7 · Cited by 3,067 · see citing works
Defining empirically supported therapies.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.1.7 · Cited by 3,067 · see citing works
Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004 · Cited by 2,691 · see citing works
Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271 · Cited by 2,520 · see citing works
The Language and Thought of the Child
Weber, C. O., Piaget, J., & Warden, M. (1927) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1415214 · Cited by 2,335 · see citing works
Elkin, I. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110013002 · Cited by 2,300 · see citing works
Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2015) · Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_2 · Cited by 2,147 · see citing works
The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?
Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07001975 · Cited by 2,031 · see citing works
Conditioned emotional reactions.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0069608 · Cited by 2,005 · see citing works
Conditioned Reflexes: an Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex
Denny-Brown, D. E. (1928) · Nature · doi:10.1038/121662a0 · Cited by 1,854 · see citing works
What is Motivational Interviewing?
Rollnick, S., & Miller, W. R. (1995) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246580001643x · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
(1985) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.142.5.559 · Cited by 1,723 · see citing works
Personality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media: The Open-Vocabulary Approach
Schwartz, H. A., Eichstaedt, J. C., Kern, M. L., Dziurzynski, L., Ramones, S. M., Agrawal, M., Shah, A., Kosinski, M., Stillwell, D., Seligman, M. E. P., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073791 · Cited by 1,700 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond
Blair, D. T. (1996) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/0279-3695-19961101-24 · Cited by 1,588 · see citing works
Seligman, M. E. P., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.8.774 · Cited by 1,560 · see citing works
Self-citation(2014) · Cited by 1,541 · see citing works
Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.3.347 · Cited by 1,500 · see citing works
Self-citationA general introduction to psychoanalysis.
Freud, S. (1920) · doi:10.1037/10667-000 · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
Anticipation and the Valuation of Delayed Consumption
Loewenstein, G. F. (1987) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2232929 · Cited by 1,361 · see citing works
Prospection: experiencing the future
Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1144161 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
The attributional Style Questionnaire
Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L., Metalsky, G., & Seligman, M. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173577 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Development of Purpose During Adolescence
Damon, W., Menon, J., & Cotton Bronk, K. (2003) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0703_2 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Seligman, M. E. P. (1972) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.me.23.020172.002203 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Self-citationToward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes
Bickel, W. K., & Marsch, L. A. (2001) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.x · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Depressive attributional style.
Seligman, M. E. P., Abramson, L. Y., Semmel, A., & von Baeyer, C. L. (1979) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.88.3.242 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Self-citationKeys to solution in brief therapy
de Shazer, S. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,046 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Segal, Z. V. (2023) · PsycTHERAPY Dataset · doi:10.1037/v00751-001 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
The flow experience and its significance for human psychology
Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511621956.002 · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works
Behavioral activation treatment for depression: returning to contextual roots
Jacobson, N. S., Martell, C. R., & Dimidjian, S. (2001) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.3.255 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research
(1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80166-3 · Cited by 980 · see citing works
Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017152 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function
McDermott, L. M., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.022 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Brickman, P., Rabinowitz, V. C., Jurgis, K., Coates, D., Ellen, C., & Kidder, L. H. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.4.368 · Cited by 915 · see citing works
(2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 915 · see citing works
Harnessing the imagination: Mental simulation, self-regulation, and coping.
Taylor, S. E., Pham, L. B., Rivkin, I. D., & Armor, D. A. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.53.4.429 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
Nesse, R. M. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.14 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Little, B. R. (1983) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916583153002 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioural Processes across Psychological Disorders (DRAFT)
Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W., & Shafran, R. (2004) · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780198528883.001.0001 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy
Beck, A. T. (1970) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(70)80030-2 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
The Current State of Cognitive Therapy: A 40-Year Retrospective
Beck, A. T. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.953 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.695 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression
Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Harnessing the imagination: Mental simulation, self-regulation, and coping.
Taylor, S. E., Pham, L. B., Rivkin, I. D., & Armor, D. A. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.4.429 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Self-verification processes: How we sustain our self-conceptions
Swann, W. B., & Read, S. J. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(81)90043-3 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past
Seligman, M. E. P., Railton, P., Baumeister, R. F., & Sripada, C. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612474317 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, R. T., & Alloy, L. B. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.010 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Stress generation in depression: Reflections on origins, research, and future directions
Hammen, C. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20293 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Quoidbach, J., Berry, E. V., Hansenne, M., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.048 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
The cognitive-affective crossfire: When self-consistency confronts self-enhancement.
Swann, W. B., Griffin, J. J., Predmore, S. C., & Gaines, B. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.881 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Stress Generation, Avoidance Coping, and Depressive Symptoms: A 10-Year Model.
Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., Brennan, P. L., & Schutte, K. K. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.4.658 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Behavioral activation and inhibition systems and the severity and course of depression.
Kasch, K. L., Rottenberg, J., Arnow, B. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.4.589 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
The bright side of being blue: depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems.
Andrews, P. W., & Thomson, J. A. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0016242 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
The specificity of autobiographical memory and imageability of the future
Williams, J. M. G., Ellis, N. C., Tyers, C., Healy, H., Rose, G., & Macleod, A. K. (1996) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197278 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Treatment and prevention of depression
Hollon, S. D., Thase, M. E., & Markowitz, J. C. (2002) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.00008 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Feeling good: The new mood therapy
McAndrew, J. F. (1981) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(81)90062-8 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Retrieval of emotional memories.
Buchanan, T. W. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.761 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Strengths‐Based Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy: A Four‐Step Model to Build Resilience
Padesky, C. A., & Mooney, K. A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1795 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory and depression: The role of executive control.
Dalgleish, T., Williams, J. M. G., Golden, A.-M. J., Perkins, N., Barrett, L. F., Barnard, P. J., Yeung, C. A., Murphy, V., Elward, R. L., Tchanturia, K., et al. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.23 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Anxiety, depression, and the anticipation of future positive and negative experiences.
MacLeod, A. K., & Byrne, A. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.105.2.286 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Hope therapy in a community sample: a pilot investigation
Cheavens, J. S., Feldman, D. B., Gum, A., Michael, S. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-005-5553-0 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., Hogan, M. E., Panzarella, C., & Rose, D. T. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.145 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Evolutionary economics of mental time travel?
Boyer, P. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.03.003 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Malouff, J., Thorsteinsson, E., & Schutte, N. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.005 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Mania and dysregulation in goal pursuit: a review
Johnson, S. L. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.002 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Effects of reminiscence and life review on late‐life depression: a meta‐analysis
Bohlmeijer, E. T., Smit, F., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2003) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1018 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Metalsky, G. I., Joiner, T. E., Hardin, T. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.1.101 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Suddendorf, T., & Grant, J. B. (2005) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2005.02.010 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Optimism, pessimism, and postpartum depression
Carver, C. S., & Gaines, J. G. (1987) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01175355 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory in depression
Williams, J. M., & Scott, J. L. (1988) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700008370 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
What types of reminiscence are associated with successful aging?
Wong, P. T. P., & Watt, L. (1991) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.6.2.272 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms are associated with unrealistic negative predictions of future life events
Strunk, D. R., Lopez, H., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.07.001 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Beck, A. T., & Weishaar, M. E. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9779-4_2 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Alloy, L. B., & Ahrens, A. H. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.2.366 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Miller, N., & Haeffel, G. J. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000031805.60529.0d · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., Cogswell, A., Sylvia, L. G., Hughes, M. E., Iacoviello, B. M., Whitehouse, W. G., Urošević, S., Nusslock, R., et al. (2008) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00547.x · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Natural selection and the elusiveness of happiness
Nesse, R. M. (2004) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1511 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Metalsky, G. I., Joiner, T. E., Hardin, T. S., et al. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.1.101 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Moody, R. (2024) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.8784657.7 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Effective self-regulation of goal attainment
Oettingen, G., Hönig, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2000) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/s0883-0355(00)00046-x · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Informing the continuity controversy: A taxometric analysis of depression.
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.473 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
What types of reminiscence are associated with successful aging?
Wong, P. T. P., & Watt, L. (1991) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.2.272 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
The hopelessness theory of depression: Attributional aspects
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Hartlage, S. A. (1988) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00749.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
The positive psychology of negative thinking
Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10094 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Low Self-Esteem: A Cognitive Perspective
Fennell, M. J. V. (1997) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800015368 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Prospective mental imagery in patients with major depressive disorder or anxiety disorders
Morina, N., Deeprose, C., Pusowski, C., Schmid, M., & Holmes, E. A. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.012 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The evolutionary origins of mood and its disorders
Nettle, D., & Bateson, M. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.020 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Certainty in Pessimistic Predictions about the Future
Miranda, R., & Mennin, D. S. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9063-4 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Alloy, L. B., & Ahrens, A. H. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.2.366 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Hope as a psychotherapeutic foundation of common factors, placebos, and expectancies.
Snyder, C. R. R., Michael, S. T., & Cheavens, J. S. (1999) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11132-005 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Beck, J. S. (2005) · PsycTHERAPY Dataset · doi:10.1037/v00472-001 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Reduced positive future-thinking in depression: Cognitive and affective factors
MacLeod, A. K., & Salaminiou, E. (2001) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930125776 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Patterns of Brief Family Therapy: An Ecosystemic Approach
de Shazer, S. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Szpunar, K. K., & Schacter, D. L. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0028877 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Mansell, W., Harvey, A., Watkins, E. R., & Shafran, R. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.181 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Learning Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: An Illustrated Guide
Wright, J. H., Basco, M. R., & Thase, M. E. (2005) · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Retrospective and Prospective Cognitions in Anxiety and Depression
MacLeod, A. K., Tata, P. R., Kentish, J., & Jacobsen, H. (1997) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999397379881 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Learning theory and the treatment of depression
Lazarus, A. A. (1968) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(68)90045-4 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Categorical Versus Dimensional Models of Mental Disorder: The Taxometric Evidence
Haslam, N. (2003) · Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry (Print) · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01258.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Hackmann, A., & Holmes, E. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210444000133 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Hopelessness and positive and negative future thinking in parasuicide
MacLeod, A. K., Tata, P., Tyrer, P., Schmidt, U., Davidson, K., & Thompson, S. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x35704 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
MacLeod, A. K., Coates, E., & Hetherton, J. (2007) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9057-2 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Foresight and Evolution of the Human Mind
Suddendorf, T. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1129217 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Proximate and evolutionary studies of anxiety, stress and depression: synergy at the interface
Nesse, R. M. (1999) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00023-8 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Approach and Avoidance Goals and Plans: Their Relationship to Anxiety and Depression
Dickson, J. M., & MacLeod, A. K. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000031809.20488.ee · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The future is here: A review of foresight systems in anxiety and depression
Miloyan, B., Pachana, N. A., & Suddendorf, T. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.863179 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Cognitions in bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression: imagining suicide
Hales, S. A., Deeprose, C., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2011) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00954.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Prospective cognitions in anxiety and depression: Replication and methodological extension
Stöber, J. (2000) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930050117693 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Andersen, S. M., Spielman, L. A., & Bargh, J. A. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.5.711 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Subtyping major depression: A taxometric analysis.
Haslam, N., & Beck, A. T. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.4.686 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Miranda, R., Fontes, M., & Marroquín, B. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.009 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Abela, J. R. Z., & D’Alessandro, D. U. (2002) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466502163912 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Hamilton, J. L., Shapero, B. G., Stange, J. P., Hamlat, E. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.777916 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Boland, A., Haden, C. A., & Ornstein, P. A. (2003) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd4,1-02 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
MacLEOD, A. K., PANKHANIA, B., LEE, M., & MITCHELL, D. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329179600459x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Kane, T. A., Loxton, N. J., Staiger, P. K., & Dawe, S. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00070-9 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-3660 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Boland, A. M., Haden, C. A., & Ornstein, P. A. (2003) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2003.9669682 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Vilhauer, J. S., Young, S., Kealoha, C., Borrmann, J., IsHak, W. W., Rapaport, M. H., Hartoonian, N., & Mirocha, J. (2011) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00235.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Future thinking in Parkinson's disease: An executive function?
Vito, S. D., Gamboz, N., Brandimonte, M. A., Barone, P., Amboni, M., & Sala, S. D. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.001 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Mansell, W., Harvey, A. G., Watkins, E. R., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1680/ijct.2008.1.3.181 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Quoidbach, J., Wood, A. M., & Hansenne, M. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760902992365 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Subtyping major depression: A taxometric analysis.
Haslam, N., & Beck, A. T. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.686 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Affect, Emotional Disorder, and Future-directed Thinking
MacLeod, A. K. (1996) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999396380394 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Future orientation and suicide ideation and attempts in depressed adults ages 50 and over
Hirsch, J. K., Duberstein, P. R., Conner, K. R., Heisel, M. J., Beckman, A., Franus, N., & Conwell, Y. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000209219.06017.62 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
O'Connor, R. C., Fraser, L., Whyte, M.-C., MacHale, S., & Masterton, G. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.01.008 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Expectancy changes in depression and schizophrenia.
Abramson, L. Y., Garber, J., Edwards, N. B., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.87.1.102 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive fantasies about idealized futures sap energy
Kappes, H. B., & Oettingen, G. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.02.003 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The development of mental scenario building and episodic foresight
Suddendorf, T., & Redshaw, J. (2013) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12189 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Advanced Techniques of Hypnosis and Therapy: Selected Papers of Milton H. Erickson
Erickson, M. H. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The neuropsychology of self-reflection in psychiatric illness
Philippi, C. L., & Koenigs, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.004 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The Inevitability of Future Suffering: The Role of Depressive Predictive Certainty in Depression
Andersen, S. M. (1990) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1990.8.2.203 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Solution‐Focused Group Therapy for Level 1 Substance Abusers
Smock, S. A., Trepper, T. S., Wetchler, J. L., McCollum, E. E., Ray, R. E., & Pierce, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00056.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
MacLeod, A. K., Tata, P. R., Evans, K. L., Tyrer, P. J., Schmidt, U. H., Davidson, K. M., Thornton, S., & Catalan, J. M. (1998) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1998.tb01394.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Joiner, T. E., Wingate, L. R., & Otamendi, A. (2005) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.649 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Well-being and positive future thinking for the self versus others
MacLeod, A. K., & Conway, C. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930601109507 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Less Positive or More Negative? Future-Directed Thinking in Mild to Moderate Depression
Bjärehed, J., Sarkohi, A., & Andersson, G. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902966926 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cognitive therapy for depression
Rupke, S. J., Blecke, D., & Renfrow, M. (1999) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e528002004-001 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Predicting hopelessness: The interaction between optimism/pessimism and specific future expectancies
O’Connor, R. C., & Cassidy, C. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930600813422 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Positive life goals and plans in parasuicide
Vincent, P. J., Boddana, P., & MacLeod, A. K. (2004) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.394 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
(2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000252511.60578.eb · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Depressive future-thinking: The role of valence and specificity
MacLeod, A. K., & Cropley, M. (1995) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02229675 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Pseudo-orientation in time as an hypnotherapeutic procedure
Erickson, M. H. (1954) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207145408410117 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Relationship of Cognitions and Hopelessness to Depression and Anxiety
Rholes, W. S., Riskind, J. H., & Neville, B. (1985) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1985.3.1.36 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Dickson, J. M., Moberly, N. J., & Kinderman, P. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023665 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Expectancy changes in depression and schizophrenia.
Abramson, L. Y., Garber, J. E., Edwards, N. B., et al. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.87.1.102 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Beyond depression: Toward a process‐based approach to research, diagnosis, and treatment.
Forgeard, M. J. C., Haigh, E. A. P., Beck, A. T., Davidson, R. J., Henn, F. A., Maier, S. F., Mayberg, H. S., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01259.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationTurken, A. U., Vuilleumier, P. O., Mathalon, D. H., Diane Swick, A., & Ford, J. M. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1881 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Miles, H. L., MacLeod, A. K., & Pote, H. L. (2004) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.04.001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Conditional goal-setting, personal goals and hopelessness about the future
Hadley, S. A., & MacLeod, A. K. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903122521 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The prediction of parasuicide repetition in a high‐risk group
Sidley, G. L., Calam, R. M., Adrian Wells, A., Hughes, T., & Whitaker, K. (1999) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466599162971 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
O’Connor, R. C., Whyte, M.-C., Fraser, L., Masterton, G., Miles, J. N. V., & MacHale, S. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.006 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of antidepressant drugs
Owens, M. J. (1996) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1996)4:4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A Self‐help, Positive Goal‐focused Intervention to Increase Well‐being in People with Depression
Coote, H. M. J., & MacLeod, A. K. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1797 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Future-Event Schemas: Automaticity and Rumination in Major Depression
Andersen, S. M., & Limpert, C. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026447600924 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kosnes, L., Whelan, R., O’Donovan, A., & McHugh, L. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.06.001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
O’Connell, B. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781473957794 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effects of mood on how future events are generated and perceived
Hepburn, S. R., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. G. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.022 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Future oriented group training for suicidal patients: a randomized clinical trial
van Beek, W., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-65 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Evidence for an implicit influence of memory on future thinking
Szpunar, K. K. (2010) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.38.5.531 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Efficacy of brief telephone psychotherapy with callers to a suicide hotline.
Rhee, W. K., Merbaum, M., Strube, M. J., & Self, S. M. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.3.317 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Miracle Method: A Radically New Approach to Problem Drinking
Miller, S. D., & Berg, I. K. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sargalska, J., Miranda, R., & Marroquín, B. M. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.1.104 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ferguson, G., Conway, C., Endersby, L., & MacLeod, A. K. (2009) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789940903174121 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Motivation and goal orientation in vulnerability to depression
Vergara, C., & Roberts, J. E. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.542743 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Breier-Williford, S., & Bramlett, R. K. (1995) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.899 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The relationship between positive future thinking, brooding, defeat and entrapment
O’Connor, R. C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Antidepressants and placebos: Secrets, revelations, and unanswered questions.
Kirsch, I., Scoboria, A., & Moore, T. J. (2002) · Prevention & Treatment · doi:10.1037/1522-3736.5.1.533r · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Categorical versus dimensional models of mental disorder: the taxometric evidence
Haslam, N. (2003) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2003.01258.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Proximate and ultimate perspectives on memory.
Suddendorf, T., & Henry, J. D. (2013) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.10.005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Underlying motivation in the approach and avoidance goals of depressed and non-depressed individuals
Sherratt, K., & MacLeod, A. K. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.786680 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Painful engagement in deliberate self-harm: The role of conditional goal setting
Danchin, C. L., MacLeod, A. K., & Tata, P. R. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
de Jong‐Meyer, R., Kuczmera, A., & Tripp, J. (2007) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466507x182277 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Andersson, G., Sarkohi, A., Karlsson, J., Bjärehed, J., & Hesser, H. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9442-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bozeman, B. N. (2000) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cognitive trio: relationship with major depression and clinical predictors in Han Chinese women
Wang, L., Liu, L., Shi, S., Gao, J., Li, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, G., Zhang, K., Tao, M., et al. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000160 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Contributions of Clinical Psychology in Audiology: Hearing Impairment and Tinnitus
Andersson, G., & McKenna, L. (1997) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199703)4:1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hallford, D. J., Austin, D., Takano, K., & Raes, F. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.01.003 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Bulley, A., Henry, J. D., & Suddendorf, T. (2016) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000061 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Hopelessness: A Network Analysis
Marchetti, I. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9981-y · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Sedikides, C., Hong, E. K., & Wildschut, T. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-032236 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Everaert, J., & Joormann, J. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619859342 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Mills, M. C. 2. /. J., & Sanchez, R. (2023) · New York University Press eBooks · doi:10.18574/nyu/9781479819386.001.0001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Specificity and overlap of attention and memory biases in depression
Marchetti, I., Everaert, J., Dainer‐Best, J., Loeys, T., Beevers, C. G., & Koster, E. H. W. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.037 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Specificity of Future Thinking in Depression: A Meta-Analysis
Gamble, B., Moreau, D., Tippett, L. J., & Addis, D. R. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619851784 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Biased belief updating in depression
Kube, T. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102298 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Shevchenko, J., Riggs, K. J., & Anderson, R. J. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Make it real: Belief in occurrence within episodic future thought
Ernst, A., & D’Argembeau, A. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0714-3 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Futures We Want: How Goal-Directed Imagination Relates to Mental Health
Gamble, B., Tippett, L. J., Moreau, D., & Addis, D. R. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620986096 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Enhancing memory and imagination improves problem solving among individuals with depression
McFarland, C. P., Primosch, M., Maxson, C., & Stewart, B. T. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0706-3 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Aging, uncertainty, and decision making—A review
Frank, C. C., & Seaman, K. L. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01064-w · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The future and me: Imagining the future and the future self in adolescent decision making
Mccue, R., McCormack, T., McElnay, J., Alto, A., & Feeney, A. (2019) · Cognitive development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.04.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Pickard, J. A., Caputi, P., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.091 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Breaking the vise of hopelessness: Targeting its components, antecedents, and context
Marchetti, I., Alloy, L., & Koster, E. (2019) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00165-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cortés‐García, L., Takkouche, B., Rodríguez‐Cano, R., & Senra, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.082 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Functions of Prospection – Variations in Health and Disease
Bulley, A., & Irish, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02328 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prospective Memory in Depression: Review of an Emerging Field†
McFarland, C. P., & Vasterling, J. J. (2017) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acx118 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Pile, V., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.032 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Countering Indeterminate Temporariness: Sheltering work in refugee camps
Kodeih, F., Schildt, H. A., & Lawrence, T. B. (2022) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/01708406221116600 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Multiple Facets of Value-Based Decision Making in Major Depressive Disorder
Mukherjee, D., Lee, S., Kazinka, R., Satterthwaite, T. D., & Kable, J. W. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60230-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A review on future episodic thinking in mood and anxiety disorders
Moustafa, A. A., Morris, A. N., & Haj, M. E. (2018) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2017-0055 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Díaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., García-Palacios, A., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Castilla, D., Bretón, J. M., Baños, R. M., Quero, S., & Botella, C. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/21335 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“On the basis of the literature that highlights the potential importance of positive emotionality as a treatment component [39-43], it is necessary to develop and test treatment components focused on upregulating PA.”
BackgroundZagaria, A., Vacca, M., Cerolini, S., Terrasi, M., Bacaro, V., Ballesio, A., Baglioni, C., Spinhoven, P., & Lombardo, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20105857 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Siegel, M., Assenmacher, C., Meuwly, N., & Zemp, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644258 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kirchner, L., Schummer, S. E., Krug, H., Κube, T., & Rief, W. (2022) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12383 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Why We Imagine Our Future: Introducing the Functions of Future Thinking Scale (FoFTS)
Hallford, D., & D'Argembeau, A. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09910-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dunn, B., Burr, L.-A., Smith, H. B., Hunt, A., Dadgostar, D., Dalglish, L., Smith, S., Attree, E., Jell, G., Martyn, J., et al. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Miloyan, B. H., Pachana, N. A., & Suddendorf, T. (2016) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnv695 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mathersul, D. C., & Ruscio, A. M. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10048-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Looming Cognitive Style and Its Associations with Anxiety and Depression: A Meta-analysis
Yeo, G. C., Hong, R. Y. S., & Riskind, J. H. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10089-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Development and validation of the openness to the future scale: a prospective protective factor
Botella, C., Molinari, G., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Guillén, V., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R., & Tomás, J. (2018) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0889-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Åström, E., Rönnlund, M., Adolfsson, R., & Carelli, M. G. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1506743 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The COVID-19 pandemic, well-being, and transitions to post-secondary education
Sandner, M., Patzina, A., Silke Anger, B., Bernhard, S., & Dietrich, H. W. (2022) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-022-09623-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Unveiling the Structure of Cognitive Vulnerability for Depression: Specificity and Overlap
Marchetti, I., Loeys, T., Alloy, L. B., & Koster, E. H. W. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168612 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Social expectations in depression
Kirchner, L., Κube, T., Berg, M., Eckert, A.-L., Straube, B., Endres, D., & Rief, W. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00386-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Imagining emotional events benefits future-oriented decisions
Ballance, B. C., Tuen, Y. J., Petrucci, A. S., Orwig, W., Safi, O. K., Madan, C. R., & Palombo, D. J. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221086637 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Liang, A., Zhao, S., Song, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Niu, X., Xiao, T., & Chi, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13126822 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Tao, Y., Niu, H., Hou, W., Zhang, L., & Ying, R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23439 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Dunn, B. D. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9831-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mental Time Travel as Self-Affirmation
Stephan, E., & Sedikides, C. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683231203143 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Integrative Positive Psychological Intervention for Depression (IPPI-D)
Chaves, C., López‐Gómez, I., Hervás, G., & Vázquez, C. (2019) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-018-9412-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Miloyan, B. H., Bulley, A., & Suddendorf, T. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917738570 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective.
Kesner, L., Juríčková, V., Grygarová, D., & Horáček, J. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/68640 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Both conditions are commonly characterized by negative, future-oriented thought patterns [134,135].”
Katayama, N., Nakagawa, A., Umeda, S., Terasawa, Y., Abe, T., Kurata, C., Sasaki, Y., Mitsuda, D., Kikuchi, T., Tabuchi, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.034 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Díaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., Fernández-Álvarez, J., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1297-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
An ecological momentary episodic future thinking intervention on mother’s weekly food purchases.
Hollis‐Hansen, K., Seidman, J. S., O’Donnell, S. E., Wedderburn, A., Stanar, S., Brande, S. J., & Epstein, L. H. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000817 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Watson, R., Harvey, K., Pass, L., McCabe, C., & Reynolds, S. A. (2020) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12307 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Differentiating anticipated and anticipatory emotions and their sensitivity to depressive symptoms.
McClure, J. H. C., Riggs, K. J., Dewhurst, S. A., & Anderson, R. J. (2024) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001371 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Entrapment, Hopelessness, and Cognitive Control: A Moderated Mediation Model of Depression
Choi, H., & Shin, H. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11081065 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Falck, F., Dhejne, C., Frisén, L., & Armuand, G. M. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02787-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cognitive mechanisms of episodic simulation in psychiatric populations
Brunette, A. M., & Schacter, D. L. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103778 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ji, J. L., Murphy, F. C., Grafton, B., MacLeod, C., & Holmes, E. A. (2021) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-021-01501-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Somatic symptoms of helplessness and hopelessness
Ejdemyr, I., Hedström, F., Gruber, M., & Nordin, S. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12713 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Xia, L., Zheng, Y., & Feng, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192214685 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Conradsen, S., Vardinghus‐Nielsen, H., & Skirbekk, H. (2023) · Health Care Analysis · doi:10.1007/s10728-023-00467-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Affective forecasting and psychopathology: A scoping review
Rizeq, J. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102392 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Liu, F., Duan, H.-C., Hou, Y.-Q., Zhang, B.-H., Wu, J., & Guo, L.-Y. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s450326 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Simplicio, M. C. D., Lau‐Zhu, A., Meluken, I., Taylor, P., Kessing, L. V., Vinberg, M., Holmes, E. A., & Miskowiak, K. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00801 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Considering purpose through the lens of prospection
Bronk, K. C., & Mitchell, C. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.2016899 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Towards an animal model of consciousness based on the platform theory
Zlomuzica, A., & Dere, E. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113695 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Episodic future thinking and psychopathology: A focus on depression and suicide risk
Nam, R. J., Lowry, N. J., Lawrence, O. C., Novotny, L. J., & Cha, C. B. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101853 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Szota, M., Rogowska, A. M., Kwaśnicka, A., & Chilicka, K. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13164897 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Miranda, R., Wheeler, A., Chapman, J. E., Ortin‐Peralta, A., Mañaná, J., Rosario‐Williams, B., & Andersen, S. M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.050 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Psychosocial Value of Employment
Hussam, R., Kelley, E., Lane, G., & Zahra, F. T. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28924 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pyszkowska, A., Åström, E., & Rönnlund, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1290676 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
COVID-19 associated psychological symptoms in Turkish population: A path model
Batıgün, A. D., & Ertürk, İ. Ş. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02026-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Motivational Barriers to Care and the Ethics of Encouragement
Masciari, C. F. (2025) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2025.2474228 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Complex Role of Mental Time Travel in Depressive and Anxiety Disorders: An Ensemble Perspective
Kellogg, R. T., Chirino, C. A., & Gfeller, J. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01465 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An active inference approach to interpersonal differences in depression
Kirchner, L., Eckert, A.-L., Berg, M., Endres, D., Straube, B., & Rief, W. (2024) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101092 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Marciniak, M. A., Shanahan, L., Binder, H., Kalisch, R., & Kleim, B. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10378-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Personal and collective future thought in times of uncertainty
Hazan, H., Hui, V. T.-B., & Chan, C. S. (2024) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2024.103380 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Amano, M., Katayama, N., Umeda, S., Terasawa, Y., Tabuchi, H., Kikuchi, T., Abe, T., Mimura, M., & Nakagawa, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.997154 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Effects of Worry and Relaxation on Flexibility During Cognitive Restructuring
Stevens, E. S., Jendrusina, A. A., Legrand, A. C., Nahin, E. R., Kaufman, M., Borkovec, T., & Behar, E. (2018) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445517732272 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lemay, E. P., Park, H., Fernandez, J., & Marr, J. C. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104560 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liu, S., Xu, J., Cao, H., An, Y., Li, Y., Li, Z., Gao, M. M., & Han, Z. R. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14027 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Konrad, C., Loßnitzer, N., Boehlen, F. H., Haefeli, W. E., Holleczek, B., Brenner, H., Schoettker, B., & Wild, B. (2020) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.09.013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Punishment sensitivity and risk taking in depressed mood
Kim, D., Lam, J. C., Kutz, A. M., & Yoon, K. L. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-020-09860-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Written or drawn episodic future thinking cues improves delay discounting in adults
Carr, K. A., Hollis‐Hansen, K., Austin, K. L., & Epstein, L. H. (2021) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101727 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shifting Episodic Prediction With Online Cognitive Bias Modification: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Eberle, J. W., Boukhechba, M., Sun, J., Zhang, D., Funk, D. H., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221103128 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tawakkul Mediates Between Personality Traits, Depression, and Anxiety in Pakistani Muslim Adults
Gondal, M. U., Adil, A., & Khan, A. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01771-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Futures We Want: How Goal-Directed Imagination Relates to Mental HealthPreprint
Gamble, B., Tippett, L. J., Moreau, D., & Addis, D. R. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j3n96 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fischer, E., Glashauser, A., & Laireiter, A. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00561-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mohammed, R., & Neuner, F. (2022) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-022-00489-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bennett, C. B., Toevs, E. K., Angus, A., Krawczak, R. A., Trentacosta, C. J., Jagadeesh, D., Tomlinson, C. S., & Lindhiem, O. J. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102644 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Leveraging Decision Science to Characterize Depression
Mukherjee, D., van Geen, C., & Kable, J. W. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214231194962 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ergüler, H., Ferreira, N. B., Adonis, M. N., & Koushiou, M. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02225-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yang, Z.-Y., Xia, L., Fu, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhao, M., Feng, Z., & Shi, C. (2023) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-023-01011-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Manipulating the Valence of Future Thought: The Effect on Affect
Grant, J. B., & Wilson, N. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119900346 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
‘Who will I become?’: possible selves and depression symptoms in adolescents
Hards, E., Hsu, T. C., Joshi, G., Ellis, J. A., & Reynolds, S. A. (2024) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465823000619 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mathematical modeling and optimal control of depression dynamics influenced by saboteurs
Nivetha, S., Karthik, A., Tandon, A., & Ghosh, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90357-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sommerfeld, E., Mello, Z. R., & Worrell, F. C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39431-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yuan, M., MacDonnell, M., Poliakova, P., Hatchimonji, D. R., Linsky, A. C. V., Selby, E. A., & Elias, M. J. (2025) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2025.100105 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Marks, J., Schneider, S., & Voigt, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1211986 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gałecki, P., & Talarowska, M. E. (2017) · Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia · doi:10.5114/nan.2017.68899 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Specificity of Future Thinking in Depression: A Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Gamble, B., Moreau, D., Tippett, L. J., & Addis, D. R. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y84pu · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hallford, D. J., Austin, D., Takano, K., & Raes, F. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xwfhq · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Targeting Positive Affect as a Way to Improve Social Anhedonia in Schizophrenia
Catalano, L. T., Patel, P. K., Weittenhiller, L. P., & Green, M. F. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf117 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Roepke, A. M., & Seligman, M. E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roepke, Ann Marie
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-06-12
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-48
- ISSN
- 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8260
- OpenAlex
- W1934008409
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 185
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Keywords
- depression, prospection, mental time travel, future thinking, pessimism, cognitive behavioral therapy, transdiagnostic treatment, mental simulation, vicious circle
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Forecasting, Humans, Thinking, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
