Editing episodic memory following the identification of error
Abstract
The editing of an episodic memory record in order to remove incorrect information embedded within naturalistic communications is an important though underinvestigated phenomenon. Experiment 1 deals with the recall and comprehension of a sequence of messages following the delayed identification of one of the messages as being incorrect. Two styles of correction were employed, and it was found that in neither case was the memory record edited effectively. Inferences based upon the old information continued to be drawn although subjects had clearly recalled that it had been subsequently corrected. Experiment 2 showed that editing could be effective if the old information did not play a central role in the message sequence. It is concluded that the observed difficulties in editing arise when old information has to be excised from the episodic record; the uncontested insertion of new information retrospectively did not present the same difficulty. Reading span was used to monitor subjects’ editing strategies, and from its association with performance measures it is concluded that contradictions in the memory record are not dealt with immediately but are resolved locally when comprehension is questioned. At this time inferences are drawn based upon the most recent version of the contradictory messages. This recency strategy breaks down when the old information provides a better fit to the question posed. Some implications of these findings for models of memory storage are discussed.
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People can still be influenced by retracted misinformation even when they clearly remember and understand a subsequent correction.
“Even when people clearly remember and understand a subsequent correction when asked about it immediately (suggesting that they have encoded it and can retrieve and potentially comply with it), they can still be influenced by the effect of the retracted misinformation.”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
Continued reliance on discredited information is very difficult to correct.
“Classical laboratory research on memory for inferences [10, 6] demonstrates that the continued reliance on discredited information is very difficult to correct.”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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Kan, I. P., Pizzonia, K. L., Drummey, A. B., & Mikkelsen, E. J. V. (2021) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-021-00335-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Jia, L., Shan, J., Xu, G., & Jin, H. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2020.1800019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Belief updating in the face of misinformation: The role of source reliability
Sanna, G. A., & Lagnado, D. A. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106090 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wilkes, A. L., & Leatherbarrow, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Venue
- The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1988-05
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 361-387
- ISSN
- 0272-4987 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0740
- OpenAlex
- W2229830397
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- error correction, memory updating, recency effect, reading span, conflicting information
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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