Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe

May combine two claims.

The FTLRP phase officially benefited 168,671 families, comprising mainly the rural poor and their urban counterparts across 9.2 million hectares.

“The FTLRP phase of the land reform officially benefited 168,671 families, comprising mainly the rural poor and their urban counterparts across 9.2 million hectares.”

May combine two claims.

Land redistribution brought increased access to and better distribution of the benefits from natural resources such as water, indigenous forests and wildlife, as well as other social benefits.

“Land redistribution also brought along increased access to and better distribution of the benefits from natural resources such as water, indigenous forests and wildlife, as well as other social benefits realised from such resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The bulk, over 70 percent, of this land has since been redistributed mostly to A1 and A2 beneficiaries as of 2010.

“However, the bulk (over 70 percent) of this land has since been redistributed mostly to A1 and A2 beneficiaries as of 2010.”

May combine two claims.

Some of the better-off black middle class, entrepreneurs and political elites also gained land, sometimes claiming to be landless.

“Some of the better-off black middle class, entrepreneurs and political elites also gained land, sometimes claiming to be 'landless', due to past racial-and class-based segregation and exclusions.”

May combine two claims.

The scale of state farming land decreased to about 115,601 hectares while private transfers to a few black capitalist farmers with large-scale commercial farms amounted to 530,632 hectares.

“The scale of state farming land decreased to about 115,601 hectares while the private transfers to a few black capitalist farmers with LSCF amounted to 530,632 hectares.”

May combine two claims.

These families acquired an average 20 hectares of land, and hold 70 percent of the transferred land, through the A1 schemes.

“These families acquired an average 20 hectares of land, and hold 70 percent of the transferred land, through the A1 schemes.”

May combine two claims.

By 2010 over 22,000 new small, medium, and large-scale capitalists also benefited with relatively larger plots averaging about 100 hectares under the A2 scheme; this scheme had benefited about 16,000 families in 2008.

“By 2010 over 22,000 new small, medium, and large-scale capitalists also benefited with relatively larger plots averaging about 100 hectares under the A2 scheme.This scheme had benefited, about 16,000 families in 2008.”

May combine two claims.

By 2009, 6,214 farmland properties covering above 10 million hectares were being acquired, but not all were allocated, and 168,671 families gained land.

“By 2009, 6,214 farmland properties covering above 10 million hectares were being acquired, but not all were allocated, and 168,671 families gained land (see Table 1).”

May combine two claims.

The FTLRP chose not to redistribute state agricultural lands but to expand them, even though there are popular demands for such land.

“The FTLRP chose not to redistribute these lands but to expand them, even though there are popular demands for such land.”

May combine two claims.

Large agro-industrial plantations or estates and conservancies were not substantively expropriated, although they lost some land and/or were partially illegally occupied.

“Interestingly, the large agro-industrial plantations or estates and conservancies were not substantively expropriated, although they lost some land and/or were partially 'illegally' occupied.”

May combine two claims.

Between 1980 and 2009, over 13 of the 15 million hectares of land controlled mostly by 6,000 white farmers in 1980 had been transferred to over 240,000 families of largely rural origin, but in a relatively differentiated manner.

“Between 1980 and 2009, over 13 of the 15 million hectares of land, which in 1980 were controlled mostly by 6,000 white farmers, had been transferred to over 240,000 families of largely rural origin, but in a relatively differentiated manner (Table 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By 2009, less than 400 individually owned white farms remained.

“By 2009, less than 400 individually owned white farms remained.”

May combine two claims.

The Government of Zimbabwe reports that there are over 100,000 people on its waiting lists for land, indicating that there is still very high demand for land despite the redistribution.

“Meanwhile, the GoZ (MLRR 2009) reports that there are over 100,000 people on its waiting lists for land, indicating that there is still very high demand for land despite the redistribution, especially when we add the demands for residential land in urban and rural areas.”

• cites MLRR 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A larger proportion of women, between 12 and 18 percent, now own land in their own right, compared to four percent of white women who owned large-scale commercial farm lands and five percent of black women who controlled land in previous resettlement areas and communal lands.

“A larger proportion of women, between 12 and 18 percent, now own land in their own right (Buka 2002, Utete 2003, GoZ 2007), compared to the four percent of white women who owned LSCF lands (Rugube et al. 2003, Moyo 1998) and the five percent of black women who controlled the land in previous resettlement areas and communal lands (see Figure 1).”

• cites Buka 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Utete 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites GoZ 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

As a result of land redistribution, about 13 percent of Zimbabwe's entire agricultural land is now held by middle-scale farmers, over 70 percent by small farm producers, and only 11 percent by large farms and estates.

“As a result of land redistribution, about 13 percent of Zimbabwe's entire agricultural land is now held by a range of middle-scale farmers (on A2, LSCF and small-scale commercial farms [SSCF]), while over 70 percent is held by small farm producers (in the Communal Areas, in A1 areas and in informal settlements), and only 11 percent is held by large farms and estates.”

May combine two claims.

Most LSCF were multiple farm owners with average landholdings above 1,000 hectares.

“Most of the LSCF were multiple farm owners with average landholdings above 1,000 hectares”

May combine two claims.

Middle farms range in size from about 50 to 150 hectares, combine draught and mechanical power, use relatively more hired labour alongside family labour, and crop relatively larger areas (with fertilisers) than small producers.

“Middle farms range in size from about 50 to 150 hectares, combine draught and mechanical power, use relatively more hired labour alongside family labour, and crop relatively larger areas (with fertilisers) than small producers.”

May combine two claims.

The numbers of peasants and small-to medium-scale farmers increased, and together they control over 80 percent of the land, leading to a significantly reduced number of large-scale farms and estates.

“The numbers of peasants and small-to medium-scale farmers increased, and together they control over 80 percent of the land, leading to a significantly reduced number of large-scale farms and estates.”

May combine two claims.

By 2006 up to 78.5 percent of the land beneficiaries confirmed having 'land offer letters', while the rest claimed to have already received GoZ lease documents and title deeds.

“By 2006 up to 78.5 percent of the land beneficiaries confirmed having 'land offer letters', while the rest claimed to have already received GoZ lease documents and title deeds (Moyo et al. 2009, Mhishi 2007), 7”

• cites Moyo et al. 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mhishi 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Fewer than 25 percent of beneficiaries continue to retain their formal employment, with most of these having originated from urban areas.

“Fewer than 25 percent of beneficiaries continue to retain their formal employment, with most of these having originated from urban areas.”

May combine two claims.

The land tenure system is socially differentiated as the A2 beneficiaries are provided long lease contracts while the A1 beneficiaries get vague permits.

“The land tenure system is socially differentiated as the A2 beneficiaries are provided long lease contracts while the A1 beneficiaries get vague permits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is a new wave of large-scale foreign investments in agriculture, mainly on remaining private estates, the DTZ and state estates.

“There is also a new wave of large-scale foreign investments in agriculture, mainly on the remaining private estates, the DTZ and state estates.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Membership of political parties has been malleable over the last decade and is a highly elusive variable to measure given sensitivities and multiple tactical allegiances.

“the membership of political parties has been malleable over the last decade, and it is a highly elusive variable to measure given the sensitivities and multiple tactical allegiances.”

May combine two claims.

By 2002, over 50,000 people had applied for A2 plots, far more than the 8,000 who had been offered land.

“The dilemma facing the policy elites by 2002 was that over 50,000 people had applied for A2 plots, far more than the 8,000 who had been offered land (Utete 2003).”

• cites Utete 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The main process of change has been the expansion in number and area of small cultivators and the expansion of the new 'middle farmer', at the expense of the few formerly large-scale farmers.

“The main process of change has been the expansion in number and area of small cultivators and the expansion of the new 'middle farmer', 6 at the expense of the few formerly 6”

May combine two claims.

The smaller segment of large-scale capitalist farmers now includes both black and white farmers, but their landholdings have been substantially downsized to an average of 700 hectares, compared to the average of 2,000 hectares held by large-scale landowners in the past.

“The smaller segment of large-scale capitalist farmers now includes both black and white farmers, but their landholdings have been substantially downsized to an average of 700 hectares, compared to the average of 2,000 hectares held by large-scale landowners in the past.”

May combine two claims.

About 26 percent of the A1 land beneficiaries shared land, while only 15 percent of the A2 households did.

“About 26 percent of the A1 land beneficiaries shared land, while only 15 percent of the A2 households did (Moyo et al. 2009).”

• cites Moyo et al. 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

About 10 percent of the land beneficiaries were former farm workers who were allocated A1 or A2 plots, some as farm workers, a few as 'land occupiers', and others as members of communal area structures rather than as farm workers.

“Nonetheless about 10 percent of the land beneficiaries were former farm workers who were allocated A1 or A2 plots, some as farm workers, a few as 'land occupiers' (Sadomba 2008, Moyo et al. 2009), and others as members of communal area structures rather than as farm workers (Chambati 2009).”

• cites Sadomba 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Moyo et al. 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Chambati 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Most beneficiaries came from rural areas, largely from Communal Areas, with some from the farm worker populations in LSCF areas.

“Most beneficiaries came from rural areas, largely from Communal Areas, with some from the farm worker populations in LSCF areas.”

May combine two claims.

As a follow-up assessment of the land tenure right, a 99-year lease document has been given to some A2 landholders, while an A1 permit is still to be issued.

“As a follow-up assessment of the land tenure right, a 99year lease document has been given to some A2 landholders, while an A1 permit is still to be issued.”

May combine two claims.

From 2003, the state mounted an extensive scheme to promote agricultural mechanisation, but it was the medium to large new farmers who got the lion's share of this.

“From 2003, the state mounted an extensive scheme to promote agricultural mechanisation.But it was the medium to large new farmers who got the lion's share of this.”

May combine two claims.

A substantial number of agro-industrial estates, conservancies, foreign owned farms and a few white LSCFs were retained, although they are outnumbered by and have less land than small-to medium-scale farms.

“A substantial number of the agro-industrial estates, conservancies, foreign owned farms and a few white LSCFs were retained, although they are outnumbered by and have less land than the small-to medium-scale farms.”

May combine two claims.

Maize and cotton yields in Zimbabwe declined most, with small producer maize yields below one tonne per hectare and middle farmers yields below three tonnes per hectare, in comparison to the dryland potential of ten tonnes per hectare.

“Maize and cotton yields in Zimbabwe declined most, with small producer maize yields below one tonne per hectare (FAO 2008(FAO , 2009) ) and middle farmers yields below three tonnes per hectare, in comparison to the dryland potential of ten tonnes per hectare (Rukuni et al. 2009).”

• cites FAO 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Rukuni et al. 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Maize produced largely by small farmers comprised around 65 percent of domestic requirements during most non-drought years, and was barely 15 percent below the average levels of maize production during the 1990s.

“Even the maize produced, largely by small farmers, comprised around 65 percent of domestic requirements during most non-drought years, and was barely 15 percent below the average levels of maize production during the 1990s (Moyo 2011).”

• cites Moyo 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The pre-2000 average agricultural production levels provide a valid baseline for measuring post-2000 production decline.

May combine two claims.

Some agricultural capital stock such as irrigation infrastructure, processing facilities and machinery and equipment that were on the former farms were disabled during the fast track process, and this had some effect on constraining production levels; however some of the new farmers acquired some of these technologies from former farmers.

“Some agricultural capital stock such as irrigation infrastructure, processing facilities and machinery and equipment that were on the former farms were disabled during the fast track process, and this had had some effect on constraining production levels; however some of the new farmers acquired some of these technologies from former farmers.”

May combine two claims.

Most large-scale private agricultural lands owned by minority white large-scale farmers and foreign capital in large estates were expropriated and allocated largely free of charge to mainly poor non-landed beneficiaries, as well as to numerous middle class and some black elite beneficiaries.

“Most of the large-scale private agricultural lands owned by the minority white large-scale farmers and foreign capital in large estates was expropriated and allocated largely free of charge to mainly poor non-landed beneficiaries, as well as to numerous 'middle class' and some 'black elite' beneficiaries.”

May combine two claims.

There was an upsurge in the production of some critical food crops, such as dry edible beans, as well as of small stock rearing.

“There was also an upsurge in the production of some critical food crops, such as dry edible beans (see Table 10), as well as of small stock rearing.”

May combine two claims.

Since the GoZ abandoned structural adjustment in 1996, its relations with the West have been polarised, leading to major contradictions with capital; Bretton Woods loans and aid were cut, Western capital retreated, a sanctions regime was elaborated, and material support was given to the opposition.

“Since the GoZ abandoned structural adjustment in 1996, its relations with the West have been polarised, leading to major contradictions with capital.The Bretton Woods loans and other forms of aid were cut, Western capital retreated, and a sanctions regime was elaborated, while material support was given to the opposition (see Elich 2002, Mamdani 2008).”

• cites Elich 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mamdani 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Agricultural production in volume terms declined by about 50 percent in 2008, and by closer to 60 percent in foreign exchange or general value terms, with output declines among the 15 key commodities varying from less than 10 percent to 70 percent of the 1990s average levels.

“Agricultural production in volume terms had declined by about 50 percent in 2008 -by closer to 60 percent in foreign exchange or general value terms -although among the 15 key agricultural commodities, output declines varied from between less than 10 percent to 70 percent of the 1990s average levels of production.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The pre-2000 average agricultural production levels provide a valid baseline for measuring post-2000 production decline.

May combine two claims.

Disaggregated labour hiring patterns suggest that about 26 percent of land beneficiaries use hired labour intensively, while on average most households command family labour pools of 3.5 persons.

“Disaggregated labour hiring patterns (Chambati and Moyo 2009) suggest that about 26 percent of land beneficiaries use hired labour intensively, while on average most households command family labour pools of 3.5 persons (see Table 5).”

• cites Chambati and Moyo 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Table 5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The level of agricultural tractorisation in Zimbabwe (at 75 per km2) varies by sub-sector and is relatively low compared to South Africa; cropped areas of grains did not decline, except for wheat because of its specific mechanisation deficits.

“While, the level of agricultural tractorisation in Zimbabwe (at 75 per km 2 ) also varies by sub-sector, and is relatively low compared to South Africa, cropped areas of grains did not decline, except for wheat because of its specific mechanisation deficits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In 2000, agricultural land legalistically refers to the 11.7 million hectares of LSCF, although in practice the 16.4 million hectares of the Communal Areas are functionally agricultural lands, bringing the entire area of Zimbabwe's agricultural land to 28.1 million hectares.

“In 2000, agricultural land legalistically refers to the 11.7 million hectares of LSCF, although in practice the 16.4 million hectares of the Communal Areas are functionally agricultural lands, bringing the entire area of Zimbabwe's agricultural land to 28.1 million hectares.”

May combine two claims.

The heterodox plan did not seem to be adequately coordinated, especially in relation to food production and exports, and it soon faced implementation problems, including general evasion of controls and countervailing underground trade and petty businesses.

“The heterodox plan did not seem to be adequately coordinated, especially in relation to food production and exports, and it soon faced implementation problems, including the general evasion of the controls (e.g. in maize marketing) and countervailing 'underground' trade and petty businesses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Fewer than expected farm workers gained land rights.

“Undoubtedly, fewer than expected farm workers gained land rights.”

May combine two claims.

Since 2009, the Inclusive Government has not secured the requisite willingness, orientation, and capacity to effect desired interventionist agrarian policies, nor effectively mobilised popular social forces in support of egalitarian agrarian reform.

“Since 2009, the Inclusive Government has not secured the requisite willingness, orientation, and capacity to effect the desired interventionist agrarian policies, nor has it effectively mobilised popular social forces in support of egalitarian agrarian reform in favour of domestic accumulation, expanded employment and a growing home market.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Approximately a quarter of the remaining large scale farms are registered as private companies.

“Approximately, a quarter of the remaining large scale farms are registered as private companies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The food production base has expanded and has shown signs of increased growth since 2009.

“but the food production base has expanded and has shown signs of increased growth since 2009.”

May combine two claims.

Farm labour is now employed by a diverse range of smaller farm employers and in non-farm self-employment and paid activities, freed from depending on the few LSCF employers.

“Freed from depending on the few LSCF employers, farm labour is now employed by a diverse range of smaller farm employers and in non-farm self-employment and paid activities.”

Borderline on S4 (based): unclear from the text. May combine two claims.

The productivity of the small and medium farm sector grew slowly since 2000 as compared to previous levels, but the food production base has expanded and has shown signs of increased growth since [cut off].

“The productivity of the small and medium farm sector grew slowly since 2000 as compared to previous levels, but the food production base has expanded and has shown signs of increased growth since”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The pre-2000 average agricultural production levels provide a valid baseline for measuring post-2000 production decline.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These foreign land holdings were relatively large in scale compared to the wider land grabbing underway in Africa.

“These foreign land holdings were relatively large in scale compared to the wider land grabbing that is underway in Africa.”

May combine two claims.

Since the white population is less than 75,000, well below half a percent of the total population, if former white farmers constitute at least one percent of A2 farmers, or about 100 of the remaining large-scale commercial farmers, then their representation would be proportionate.

“Since demographically the white population, which is less than 75,000, is well below half a percent of the total population, if former white farmers constitute at least one percent of A2 farmers, or about 100 of the remaining LSCF farmers (excluding the mainly foreign white-owned large agro-industrial corporations), then their representation would be proportionate.”

May combine two claims.

By 1999 Zimbabwe had about 4,500 large-scale commercial farmers, including individually operated and corporate farms and estates, and these farmers owned over 9,000 farmland properties with separate title deeds.

“By 1999 Zimbabwe had about 4,500 LSCF (Large-Scale Commercial Farms) farmers, including individually operated and corporate farms and estates (plantations).These 4,500 'farmers' owned over 9,000 farmland properties with separate title deeds”

• cites Rutherford 2001Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Access to land, particularly in the A2 scheme, tended to be partly shaped by ethno-regional affinities throughout all the provinces, although the policy was that the A2 scheme was national.

“Consequently, access to land, particularly in the A2 scheme, tended to be partly shaped by ethno-regional affinities throughout all the provinces, although the policy was that the A2 scheme was 'national'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Land reform was, for some, intended to deracialise commercial farming.

“land reform was, for some, intended to 'deracialise' commercial farming (Nkomo 2001).”

• cites Nkomo 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The post-2000 land reform has resulted in a range of exclusions and inclusions, resulting in a highly differentiated pattern.

“The post-2000 land reform has resulted in a range of exclusions and inclusions, resulting in a highly differentiated pattern.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Redistributive land reforms would break down the territorial and social segregation of Communal Areas from former large-scale commercial farming areas in local administration and land tenure regulation, and enable the free flow of people, goods, services, and livestock between them.

“Redistributive land reforms would, it was argued, breakdown the territorial and social segregation of Communal Areas from former large-scale commercial farming areas in terms of local administration and land tenure regulation, and enable the free flow of people, goods, services, and livestock between them.”

May combine two claims.

Zimbabwe implemented land reform in three phases: first through 1985 market sales led by state land acquisition and redistribution and illegal land occupations; second from 1986 until 1999 through ESAP state acquired some land through expropriation and market mechanisms; third FTLRP began in 2000 and entailed intensive land expropriation alongside illegal land occupations and continued until 2010.

“During the last three decades, Zimbabwe implemented land reform in three phases.The first phase, lasting through 1985, consisted of market sales of land led by state land acquisition and redistribution.It also entailed intensive illegal land occupations.”

• Also stated in: § Land redistribution over three decades · plain

  “The second phase, from 1986 until 1999, through the era of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP), enabled the state to acquire some land through expropriation and market mechanisms.”

• Also stated in: § Land redistribution over three decades · plain

  “The third, FTLRP phase, which began in 2000 and entailed intensive land expropriation alongside 'illegal land occupations', has continued until 2010.”

May combine two claims.

This reflects a simmering ethnicised intra-class competition for land, replicating incipient tendencies in the 1990s.

“This reflects a simmering ethnicised intra-class competition for land, replicating incipient tendencies in the 1990s (Moyo 1995(Moyo , 1999)).”

• cites Moyo 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Moyo 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Redistributive land reform in Zimbabwe was conceived to relieve landlessness and overcrowding.

“More critically, redistributive land reform in Zimbabwe was conceived to relieve landlessness and 'overcrowding'.”

May combine two claims.

Women mostly benefited from access to land as spouses, implying a subordinate level of control over such land.

“Women mostly benefited from access to land as spouses, implying a subordinate level of control over such land.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Any degree of the incidence of multiple land holding is non-compliant with policy and diminishes the redistributive character of the land reform.

“Nonetheless any degree of the incidence of multiple land holding is non-compliant with policy and diminishes the redistributive character of the land reform.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The FTLRP's policy objective was redistributive land reform.

May combine two claims.

Social differentiation in access to land had a class dimension, such that the outcome has the potential to reconfigure class formation processes.

“Social differentiation in access to land also had a class dimension, such that the outcome has the potential to reconfigure class formation processes.”

May combine two claims.

These findings confirm the shift towards increased demand for land that occurred in the context of declining formal employment and wages under structural adjustment in the 1990s, as well as an urban response to the deepening economic crises that evolved during the 2000s.

“These findings confirm the shift towards increased demand for land that occurred in the context of declining formal employment and wages under structural adjustment in the 1990s, as well as an urban response to the deepening economic crises that evolved during the 2000s.”

May combine two claims.

Excessive money printing drove hyperinflation which reinforced the 'informalisation' process, alongside the corruption of some in authority.

“Excessive money printing drove hyperinflation which reinforced this 'informalisation' process, alongside the corruption of some in authority.”

May combine two claims.

The prospect for progressive agrarian reform in Zimbabwe is promising although this has been circumscribed by a combination of forces, including strains in relations between local capital and the state, and the reaction of local and foreign capital to the replacement of former landowners.

“The prospect for progressive agrarian reform in Zimbabwe is promising although this has been circumscribed by a combination of forces, including the recent strains in the relations between local capital and the state apparatus, and the reaction of local and foreign capital to the replacement of the economically conservative and politically reactionary former landowners, who have retained strong”

May combine two claims.

Although the shortages were ascribed to absence of investor confidence, risks of doing business and absence of land tenure security, both international isolation and sanctions and the retreat of capital played critical roles in engendering the downward spiral.

“Although this was ascribed to the absence of 'investor confidence', the 'risks of doing business in Zimbabwe' and the absence of land tenure security, both international isolation and sanctions and the retreat of capital played critical roles in engendering this downward spiral.”

May combine two claims.

The extent of redistribution was wide enough to significantly alter property relations in terms of relative land distribution and the socialisation of property rights, triggering dynamic changes in agrarian social relations.

“Indeed, the extent of redistribution was wide enough to significantly alter property relations in terms of relative land distribution and the socialisation of property rights, in turn triggering dynamic changes in agrarian social relations.”

May combine two claims.

Re-peasantisation has been a significant phenomenon of agrarian change under fast-track land reform, with the entry of urban working class elements into the A1 and resettlement schemes, leading to the growth of a class of new petty commodity producers, which now account for 93.7 percent of total new farming establishments.

“Re-peasantisation has therefore been a significant phenomenon of agrarian change under fast-track land reform, with the entry of urban working class elements into the A1 and resettlement schemes, leading to the growth of a class of new petty commodity producers, which now account for 93.7 percent of total new farming establishments (Moyo and Yeros 2005).”

• cites Moyo and Yeros 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Agrarian politics after the peak of FTLRP land transfers in 2004 shifted from inter-class and intra-class contests over access to land towards competing claims for and access to public resources for agrarian accumulation and social reproduction.

“Agrarian politics after the peak of FTLRP land transfers in 2004 shifted from the inter-class and intra-class (white-black) contests over access to land towards competing claims for and access to public resources for agrarian accumulation and social reproduction.”

May combine two claims.

A key regressive feature of the land reform outcome is the substantial enlargement of the upper middle and elite class beneficiaries, most of whom call for even larger land allocations under freehold tenure.

“Despite the outcome being generally progressive, a key regressive feature is the substantial enlargement of the upper middle and elite class beneficiaries, most of whom call for even larger land allocations under freehold tenure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Contract farming, akin to share-cropping, appears to have replaced agricultural credit in scale, given the financial isolation of Zimbabwe.

“The latter which is akin to 'share-cropping' appears to have replaced agricultural credit in scale, given the financial isolation of Zimbabwe (i.e. through a range of 'sanctions').”

May combine two claims.

The pattern of low levels of mechanization, fertilizer and pesticide utilization suggests a regression in the agricultural technological transition, and in part accounts for the decline in crop productivity.

“This pattern of low levels of mechanization, fertilizer and pesticide utilization suggests a regression in the agricultural technological transition, and in part accounts for the decline in crop productivity.”

May combine two claims.

Clearly the land and labour rights of farm workers remain poor.

“Clearly the land and labour rights of farm workers remain poor.”

May combine two claims.

Production levels remain below expectations, largely due to shortages of fertilisers, irrigation facilities and draft power arising from reduced domestic agro-industrial input supply capacities and foreign exchange constraints on imports.

“Production levels remain below expectations, largely due to the shortages of fertilisers, irrigation facilities and draft power arising from reduced domestic agro-industrial input supply capacities and foreign exchange constraints on imports.”

May combine two claims.

Agrarian production relations have been restructured by broadening the food and export production base, although this is characterised by critical inequalities in access to agricultural inputs, public subsidies and finance, contingent on an unfolding social differentiation among beneficiaries within the bi-modal agrarian reform policy.

“Agrarian production relations have been restructured by broadening the food and export production base, although this is characterised by critical inequalities in access to agricultural inputs, public subsidies and finance, contingent on an unfolding social differentiation among the beneficiaries within the bi-modal agrarian reform policy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The Zimbabwe experience is particularly relevant for other former settler-colonial countries.

“This is particularly relevant for other former settler-colonial countries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Zimbabwe's land reform did not lead to the comprehensive dissolution of the political power of large agrarian capital, which operates in tandem with international capital.

“This is not surprising, given that Zimbabwe's land reform did not lead to the comprehensive dissolution of the political power of large agrarian capital, which operates in tandem with international capital.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The state apparatus has been overwhelmed by middle class black 'empowerment' demands, reflecting qualitative shifts in the nature of state power, which the new farmers are constituent parts of and directly lobby.

“Furthermore, the state apparatus has been overwhelmed by middle class black 'empowerment' demands, reflecting the qualitative shifts in the nature of state power, which the new farmers are constituent parts of and directly lobby.”

May combine two claims.

This played a critical role in the wider economic collapse of Zimbabwe, and in the shift in the correlation of forces around agrarian radicalism and neoliberal inspired regime change.

“This played a critical role in the wider economic collapse of Zimbabwe, and in the shift in the correlation of forces around agrarian radicalism and neoliberal inspired regime change.”

May combine two claims.

The redistributive outcome entailed critical class-and gender-based distributional biases, reflecting unequal class-based patriarchal power.

“The redistributive outcome, however, entailed critical class-and gender-based distributional biases, reflecting unequal class-based patriarchal power.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Alternative sources of financing Zimbabwe's agrarian reform have been limited.

“alternative sources of financing Zimbabwe's agrarian reform have been limited”

May combine two claims.

The reforms in Zimbabwe entailed the mobilisation of both popular direct action for land reform and an expropriation policy, and the state sought to meet both the popular demands for land and those of the middle classes, the bureaucracy and national elites.

“The reforms in Zimbabwe entailed the mobilisation of both popular direct action for land reform and an expropriation policy, and the state sought to meet both the popular demands for land and those of the middle classes, the bureaucracy and national elites.”

May combine two claims.

The Zimbabwe experience illustrates that even under neoliberalism, the potential for radical land reform exists, especially where land ownership grievances relate to minority racial and foreign dominance in addition to class difference.

“Nonetheless, the Zimbabwe experience illustrates that even under neoliberalism, the potential for radical land reform exists, especially where land ownership grievances relate to minority racial and foreign dominance in addition to class difference.”