Cited by 611Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath, Funerary Practices, and MourningDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Predictors of Complicated Grief: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies

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Lobb, Elizabeth A., Kristjanson, Linda J., Aoun, Samar M., Monterosso, Leanne, Halkett, Georgia K. B., Davies, Anna·2010·Death Studies

DOI 10.1080/07481187.2010.496686

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Abstract

A systematic review of the literature on predictors of complicated grief (CG) was undertaken with the aim of clarifying the current knowledge and to inform future planning and work in CG following bereavement. Predictors of CG prior to the death include previous loss, exposure to trauma, a previous psychiatric history, attachment style, and the relationship to the deceased. Factors associated with the death include violent death, the quality of the caregiving or dying experience, close kinship relationship to the deceased, marital closeness and dependency, and lack of preparation for the death. Perceived social support played a key role after death, along with cognitive appraisals and high distress at the time of the death. Inconsistent definitions of CG and measurement tools were noted in the earlier studies reviewed. Limitations identified in the studies included use of cross-sectional designs, heterogeneous samples, high attrition, demographic differences between cases and controls, differences in length of time since death, and differences in types of death experienced. Notwithstanding these limitations, some consistent findings have emerged. Further research into conceptualizations of CG in terms of attachment theory and constructivist and cognitive-behavioral concepts of finding purpose and meaning after bereavement is warranted.

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BackgroundResult
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“17,19,22 26 However, only two previous studies have indicated an association between poor self-reported health in caregivers and PGD. 18,27 Both studies were cross-sectional and conducted after bereavement; one assessed health status before bereavement in a retrospective study design, whereas the…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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“The strongest and longest emotional reactions of grief are manifested when death is unexpected [12].”
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Background
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The Relationship Between Adult Attachment and Complicated Grief: A Systematic Review
Russ, V., Stopa, L. L., Sivyer, K., Hazeldine, J., & Maguire, T. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221083110 · Cited by 36
“By addressing limitations of prior reviews, this systematic review offers an updated, more focused synthesis of the evidence-base by including an additional 21 studies that have not been considered in similar reviews (Lobb et al., 2010; Mason et al., 2020).”
LGBT+ partner bereavement and appraisal of the Acceptance-Disclosure Model of LGBT+ bereavement: A qualitative interview study
Bristowe, K., Timmins, L., Braybrook, D. E., Marshall, S., Pitman, A., Johnson, K., Day, E., Clift, P., Rose, R., Yi, D., et al. (2022) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163221138620 · Cited by 27
Death Thoughts and Images in Treatment-Seekers After Violent Loss
Baddeley, J. L., Williams, J. L., Rynearson, T., Correa, F., Saindon, C., & Rheingold, A. A. (2014) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2014.893274 · Cited by 27
“…depression, and substance abuse (e.g., Amick-McMullen, Kilpatrick, & Resnick, 1991; Kaltman & Bonanno, 2003; McDevitt-Murphy, Neimeyer, Burke, Williams, & Lawson, 2012; Zinzow, Rheingold, Hawkins, Saunders, & Kilpatrick, 2009), as well as complicated (or prolonged) grief (Lobb et al., 2010).”
Alone, the hardest part
Curley, M. A. Q., Broden, E. G., & Meyer, E. C. (2020) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06145-9 · Cited by 27
Same-sex partner bereavement in older women: an interpretative phenomenological analysis
Ingham, C. F. A., Eccles, F. J. R., Armitage, J. R., & Murray, C. D. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1181712 · Cited by 30
Coping Strategies and Complicated Grief in a Substance Use Disorder Sample
Caparrós, B., & Masferrer, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.624065 · Cited by 28
A Latent Class Analysis on Symptoms of Prolonged Grief, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Depression Following the Loss of a Loved One
Heeke, C., Franzen, M., Hofmann, H., Knaevelsrud, C., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.878773 · Cited by 26
The Efficacy and Usability of an Unguided Web-Based Grief Intervention for Adults Who Lost a Loved One During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Randomized Controlled Trial
Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Sanz-Gomez, S., González Ramírez, L. P., Herdoiza-Arroyo, P. E., Trevino Garcia, L. E., de la Rosa-Gómez, A., González-Cantero, J. O., Macias-Aguinaga, V., & Miaja, M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43839 · Cited by 25
“As losses owing to COVID-19 meet all the risk factors for traumatic grief [20,21], an increase in the prevalence of CGD was expected.”
Investigating the psychometric properties of the Turkish form of the Grief and Meaning Reconstruction Inventory
Keser, E., & Ișıklı, S. (2018) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.5350/dajpn2018310405 · Cited by 25
“There are numerous studies investigating why some people readapt to their everyday lives after completing the process of grief while others develop a chronic presentation (2,6).”
Background
Palliative Care in Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer—Why Do Adolescents Need Special Attention?
Pinkerton, C., Donovan, L., & Herbert, A. (2018) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0000000000000341 · Cited by 25
Understanding the spirituality of parents following stillbirth: A qualitative meta-synthesis
Alvarenga, W. D. A., deMontigny, F., Zeghiche, S., Polita, N. B., Verdon, C., & Nascimento, L. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1648336 · Cited by 25
“Inability to make sense of death emerged as the most salient predictor of grief severity (Lobb et al., 2010).”
Background
Bereavement support in the UK – a rapid evidence assessment
Hewison, A., Zafar, S., & Efstathiou, N. (2020) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682621.2020.1728086 · Cited by 28
Prolonged grief in refugees living in Germany confronted with ambiguous or confirmed loss
Comteße, H., Lechner‐Meichsner, F., Haneveld, J., Vogel, A., & Rosner, R. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1967936 · Cited by 27
“The type of loss, mostly violent, unexpected or multiple loss, has emerged as one of the strongest risk factors (Lobb et al., 2010).”
Background
Brain cancer patients' levels of distress and supportive care needs over time
Halkett, G. K. B., Lobb, E. A., Spilsbury, K., Dhillon, H. M., & Nowak, A. K. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6028 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Group Work with Bereaved Individuals: The Power of Mutual Aid
Knight, C., & Gitterman, A. (2013) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/swt050 · Cited by 25
“The social worker maintains a dual focus on assisting the client in managing the trauma symptoms and helping her or him to work through the tasks associated with approach-oriented coping (Lobb et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2006).”
Background
“What I Did for My Loved One Is More Important than Whether We Talked About Death”: A Nationwide Survey of Bereaved Family Members
Mori, M., Yoshida, S., Shiozaki, M., Morita, T., Baba, M., Aoyama, M., Kizawa, Y., Tsuneto, S., Shima, Y., & Miyashita, M. (2017) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2017.0267 · Cited by 26
Bereavement support: From the poor cousin of palliative care to a core asset of compassionate communities
Aoun, S. M. (2020) · Progress in Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/09699260.2019.1706277 · Cited by 26
Self-citation
Behavioral Activation for Pathological Grief
Papa, A., Rummel, C., Garrison‐Diehn, C., & Sewell, M. T. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2012.692459 · Cited by 25
“These range from childhood abuse and neglect, childhood separation anxiety, dependency, previous mental health difficulties, to cognitive factors such as global negative worldviews (see Lobb et al., 2010, for a review).”
Background
Coping strategies as a causal mediator of the effect of loss-related memory characteristics and negative loss-related appraisals on symptoms of PGD, PTSD and depression
Smith, K. V., & Ehlers, A. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721003123 · Cited by 28
“Other research has reportedmonths since loss and experience of a violent loss as predictors of grief severity (Lobb et al., 2010; Smith & Ehlers, 2021).”
Background
Latent trajectories of DSM-5-TR-based Prolonged Grief Disorder: findings from a data pooling project MARBLES
Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., van Dijk, I., Reitsma, L., Nordström, E.-E. L., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2281183 · Cited by 24
“This is in line with previous systematic reviews examining correlates of PGD levels as well as prior PGD latent trajectory studies (Heeke et al., 2019; Lenferink et al., 2020; Lobb et al., 2010; Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Result
El significado psicológico de las cinco fases del duelo propuestas por Kübler-Ross mediante las redes semánticas naturales
Ávila, M. M., & de la Rubia, J. M. (2013) · Psicooncología · doi:10.5209/rev_psic.2013.v10.41951 · Cited by 24
In What Ways Do Bereaved Parents After Terror Go on With Their Lives, and What Seems to Inhibit or Promote Adaptation During Their Grieving Process? A Qualitative Study
Dyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A., & Kristensen, P. (2016) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222816653851 · Cited by 24
“murder or terror comprises a number of potentially complicating and traumatizing conditions that can have an effect on parents’ future lives, for example, the traumatic circumstances surrounding the loss, difficult family interaction and communication, the age of the deceased, the extent of the trauma, media attention…”
BackgroundInfluential
Harnessing social support for bereavement now and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic
Breen, L. J. (2021) · Palliative Care and Social Practice · doi:10.1177/2632352420988009 · Cited by 24
A process evaluation of systematic risk and needs assessment for caregivers in specialised palliative care
Thomsen, K. T., Guldin, M., Nielsen, M. K., Ollars, C. L., & Jensen, A. B. (2017) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-017-0196-x · Cited by 23
“Since no standardised risk screening tool for caregivers was recommended by the “Bereavement support standards” and no validated assessment tool was available in Danish, an assessment form was developed based on the risk factors listed in the “bereavement support standards” and an existing literature review on risk fa…”
Method
Do emotion regulation difficulties mediate the association between neuroticism, insecure attachment, and prolonged grief?
Gegieckaitė, G., & Kazlauskas, E. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1788667 · Cited by 28
“…numerous sociodemographic factors and loss-related characteristics, such as being female, having lower education and income, unexpected or violent death, a close relationship with the deceased, were consistently associated with the risk of prolonged grief (Kersting et al., 2011; Lobb et al., 2010).”
Background
How do researchers conceive of spousal grief after cancer? A systematic review of models used by researchers to study spousal grief in the cancer context
Fasse, L., Sultan, S., Flahault, C., MacKinnon, C. J., Dolbeault, S., & Brédart, A. (2013) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3412 · Cited by 27
“The studies that focused on complicated grief are mostly devoted to the development of clinically and statistically valid criteria for PGD4 as a verifiable mental disorder [e.g., 96,99].”
BackgroundInfluential
Bereavement risk screening: A pathway to psychosocial oncology care
Roberts, K. E., Jankauskaite, G., Slivjak, E. T., Rubin, L., Schachter, S. R., Stabler, S. M., Wiener, L. S., Prigerson, H. G., & Lichtenthal, W. G. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5526 · Cited by 24
Reentry
Leiter, R. E. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2027447 · Cited by 23
Traumatic loss: a systematic review of potential risk factors differentiating between posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief disorder
Jann, P., Netzer, J., & Hecker, T. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2371762 · Cited by 23
“Reviews showed that the prevalence rates are higher following intentional events for both PTSD and PGD (Lobb et al., 2010; Santiago et al., 2013).”
Background
Psychosocial factors associated with complicated grief in caregivers during COVID-19: Results from a preliminary cross-sectional study
Bovero, A., Pidinchedda, A. V., Clovis, F., Berchialla, P., & Carletto, S. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.2019144 · Cited by 23
“CG is defined as the prolongation of the normal mourning process, which produces negative effects on the quality of life of the bereaved individual and their family members (Lobb et al., 2010).”
Background
How do risk factors affect bereavement outcomes in later life? An exploration of the mediating role of dual process coping
Tang, S., & Chow, A. Y. M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.001 · Cited by 21
Prolonged Grief Disorder Among Refugees in Psychological Treatment—Association With Self-Efficacy and Emotion Regulation
Lacour, O., Morina, N., Spaaij, J., Nickerson, A., Schnyder, U., von Känel, R., Bryant, R. A., & Schick, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00526 · Cited by 22
“On the other hand, factors such as optimism, active coping, and help seeking, as well as a supportive social environment, appear to be associated with less severe symptoms of PGD (31).”
Background
Perception of grief responses: Are maladaptive grief responses and the stages of grief considered normal?
McLean, E., Singer, J., Laurita, E., Kahler, J., Levin, C., & Papa, A. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1983890 · Cited by 21
Examining bereavement‐related needs and outcomes among survivors of sudden loss: A latent profile analysis
Bottomley, J. S., Campbell, K. W., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23261 · Cited by 23
“…that 10-15% of bereft individuals will meet criteria for CG following the death of a close other due to natural causes (e.g., Prigerson, 2004), far higher rates of CG 3 diagnoses have been found among individuals who lose a loved one or close other to sudden causes (e.g., Lobb et al., 2010).”
Background
Investigation of a Web-Based Explainable AI Screening for Prolonged Grief Disorder
She, W. J., Ang, C. S., Neimeyer, R. A., Burke, L. A., Zhang, Y., Jatowt, A., Kawai, Y., Hu, J., Rauterberg, M., Prigerson, H. G., et al. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3163311 · Cited by 28
“Despite previous literature highlighting how such factors could play a role in the development of complicated forms of grief [67], our evaluation showed that intrapersonal bereavement risk factors and bereavement outcome factors tended to have a larger impact on our models [66], [101].”
Result
The effect of caring on post-bereavement outcome: Research gaps and practice priorities
Breen, L. J. (2012) · Progress in Palliative Care · doi:10.1179/1743291x12y.0000000003 · Cited by 21
Community nurses' perceptions of providing bereavement care
Redshaw, S., Harrison, K., Johnson, A., & Chang, E. M. L. (2013) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12069 · Cited by 21
“We Lost a Member of the Family”: Predictors of the Grief Experience Surrounding the Loss of a Pet
Behler, A. M. C., Green, J. D., & Joy-Gaba, J. (2020) · Human-animal interaction bulletin · doi:10.1079/hai.2020.0017 · Cited by 30
“Only a Friend”
Johnsen, I., & Dyregrov, K. (2016) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222815622956 · Cited by 20
“This supports the notion that the unique features of a potentially traumatic death, such as sudden and violent deaths, account for much of the variance in bereavement outcomes in comparison to deaths from natural causes (Lobb et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Association between experiences of advanced cancer patients at the end of life and depression in their bereaved caregivers
Hatano, Y., Morita, T., Mori, M., Aoyama, M., Yoshida, S., Amano, K., Terabayashi, T., Oya, K., Tsukuura, H., Hiratsuka, Y., et al. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5915 · Cited by 20
“The circumstances of a loved one's death is one of the most common factors for the development of psychological disorders in caregivers.(1,2) Clinical oncology research indicates that patients with terminal cancer often experience physical, psychological, and existential symptoms.”
Background
Reported experiences of bereavement support in Western Australia: a pilot study
Aoun, S. M., Breen, L. J., Rumbold, B. D., & Howting, D. A. (2014) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12177 · Cited by 20
“Period received palliative care Median (range) 6 (2-18) months 1 (0.”
BackgroundSelf-citation

Authors: Lobb, E. A., Kristjanson, L. J., Aoun, S. M., Monterosso, L., Halkett, G. K. B., & Davies, A.
Affiliations: Edith Cowan University (AU)
Curtin University (AU)
Australian National University (AU)
Corresponding author: Lobb, Elizabeth A.
ORCID: Lobb, Elizabeth A.
Aoun, Samar M.
Monterosso, Leanne
Halkett, Georgia K. B.
Venue: Death Studies
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-08-19
Volume: 34
Issue: 8
Pages: 673-698
ISSN: 0748-1187 (ISSN-L)
1091-7683
DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2010.496686
OpenAlex: W2047256903
Cited by: 611
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 1.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Locations: Death Studies (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
ResearchOnline@ND (The University of Notre Dame) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Australian Government
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: complicated grief, bereavement, attachment styles, trauma exposure, psychiatric history, violent death, caregiver experiences, kinship, marital intimacy, preparation for death, social support, cognitive appraisal, meaning-making, attachment theory, constructivist learning model, cognitive-behavioral model
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Attitude to Death, Mental Disorders, Grief, Humans, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Violence, Caregivers

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Predictors of Complicated Grief: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies

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