Cited by 611Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath, Funerary Practices, and MourningDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Predictors of Complicated Grief: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies

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Lobb, Elizabeth A., Kristjanson, Linda J., Aoun, Samar M., Monterosso, Leanne, Halkett, Georgia K. B., Davies, Anna·2010·Death Studies

DOI 10.1080/07481187.2010.496686

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Abstract

A systematic review of the literature on predictors of complicated grief (CG) was undertaken with the aim of clarifying the current knowledge and to inform future planning and work in CG following bereavement. Predictors of CG prior to the death include previous loss, exposure to trauma, a previous psychiatric history, attachment style, and the relationship to the deceased. Factors associated with the death include violent death, the quality of the caregiving or dying experience, close kinship relationship to the deceased, marital closeness and dependency, and lack of preparation for the death. Perceived social support played a key role after death, along with cognitive appraisals and high distress at the time of the death. Inconsistent definitions of CG and measurement tools were noted in the earlier studies reviewed. Limitations identified in the studies included use of cross-sectional designs, heterogeneous samples, high attrition, demographic differences between cases and controls, differences in length of time since death, and differences in types of death experienced. Notwithstanding these limitations, some consistent findings have emerged. Further research into conceptualizations of CG in terms of attachment theory and constructivist and cognitive-behavioral concepts of finding purpose and meaning after bereavement is warranted.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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An Ethical Framework for Visitation of Inpatients Receiving Palliative Care in the COVID-19 Context
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“Families may be at risk of disenfranchized grief, prolonged grief disorder, depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder if their relative dies alone (Nelson-Becker and Victor 2020; Chochinov, Bolton, and Sareen 2020; Lobb et al. 2010), and the grieving process is further disrupted by concurrent restrictions…”
Background
Complicated Grief, Depression, Health and Attachment Style in First Degree Relatives of Individuals with a Chronic Psychotic Disorders
Rachamim, L., Nacasch, N., & Sinay, I. (2021) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-021-00848-z · Cited by 17
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“Pre-loss anxiety or depression symptoms were independent factors of PG, in line with other studies (Ghesquiere et al. 2013; Lobb et al. 2010; Nielsen et al. 2017; Tsai et al. 2016).”
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“950 Palliative Medicine 37(7) studies by qualitative, quantitative, or mixed design.”
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“There is also a body of research indicating that losing a member of the nuclear family, such as a spouse or parent, is associated with higher PGD severity than losing a more distantly related family member or friend (Heeke et al., 2019; Lobb et al., 2010).”
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A thematic analysis of bereaved adults' meaning-making experience of loss through playing video games
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“In fact, correctly assessing emotional reactions to autobiographical memories of loss is closely linked to grief reactions (Lobb et al., 2010; Mason et al., 2020), and remembering specific episodes and emotions in a self-focused and positive manner is associated with lower levels of grief (Eisma et al.”
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The Role of Perceived Social Support in the Grief Experiences of More Anxious and Self-Compassionate People
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“Given that emotional intimacy with the deceased (Lobb et al., 2010) and having lost this person more recently (Pan & Liu, 2021) tend to intensify negative feelings during the grieving process, both variables were controlled for in our analyses.”
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“Suicide bereavement is highly distressing for mental and physical health, with a higher prevalence of suicidal behaviors, prolonged grief disorder and mood disorders than other causes of grief [12, 13].”
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“While the majority of bereaved individuals adjust to the death of a loved one without requiring professional intervention, it is estimated that between 10–20% experience prolonged grief or other psychiatric disorders (5-8).”
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Sense of self, depression and adaption to grief, in emerging adults who suffered parental loss
Jones, S., & Martini, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01843-z · Cited by 16
Transnational Caregiving and Grief: An Autobiographical Case Study of Loss and Love During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hinkson, G., Huggins, C., & Doyle, M. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221095689 · Cited by 11
“The lack of readiness for death, high stress at the time of death, preventable death, and poor perceived social support after death can be considered as predictors of unresolved and complicated grief (Lobb et al., 2010).”
Parental Attachment Style and Young Persons’ Adjustment to Bereavement
Sochos, A., & Aleem, S. (2021) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-021-09621-5 · Cited by 13
Why Does Grief Hurt?
Moreira, D. S., Azeredo, A. A. C., Moreira, D. S., Fávero, M., & Sousa‐Gomes, V. (2022) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000490 · Cited by 14
Grief Instruments in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
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“…maladaptive grief reactions may prove useful in the clinical setting, especially in guiding the assessment of young people, for example, in those who have experienced a traumatic death and are at a heightened risk of developing prolonged grief disorder (Boelen & Lenferink, 2022; Lobb et al., 2010).”
Existential Matters and Quality of Dying: A Model of Maturation Processes
Emanuel, L. L. (2023) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2023.0546 · Cited by 10
Predicting levels of prolonged grief disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrated approach of classical data exploration, predictive machine learning, and explainable AI
Cherblanc, J., Gaboury, S., Maítre, J., Côté, I., Cadell, S., & Bergeron‐Leclerc, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.236 · Cited by 10
Prevalence and correlates of positive and negative psychological effects of bereavement due to COVID-19: A systematic review
Reitsma, L., Killikelly, C., Müller, H., Larsen, L. H., Nijborg, L. C. J., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.078 · Cited by 12
Parenting through grief: A cross-sectional study of recently bereaved adults with minor children
Park, E. M., Deal, A. M., Yopp, J. M., Chien, S. A., McCabe, S., Hirsch, A., Bowers, S. M., Edwards, T., & Rosenstein, D. L. (2021) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163211040982 · Cited by 12
Predictors of prolonged grief in an internet-based grief therapy for people bereaved by suicide
Schmidt, V., Treml, J., Linde, K., Peterhänsel, C., & Kersting, A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.023 · Cited by 9
Grief and mourning in Covid-19 pandemic and delayed business as a new concept
Erbiçer, E. S., Metin, A., & Doğan, T. (2022) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x221118921 · Cited by 17
“Personal characteristics of the survivor such as age and gender (Burke &Neimeyer, 2013; Parkes & Prigerson, 2010), the cause of death (Kübler-Ross & Kessler, 2005; Lobb et al., 2010), and cultural factors such as death-related rituals (Parkes et al., 1997) affect grief and mourning process.”
Background
Mourning in the time of coronavirus: Examining how grief differs in those who lost loved ones to COVID-19 vs. natural causes in Iran
Aliyaki, H., Momeni, F., Dolatshahi, B., Hosseinzadeh, S., Yousefi, S., & Abdoli, F. (2024) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951524000348 · Cited by 10
Short-Term Group Therapy for Complicated Grief: The Relationship Between Patients’ In-Session Reflection and Outcome
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“Although the pathway from normal bereavement to CG is unique among individuals, the emotional responses to the relationship between the bereaved and the deceased— including the ongoing psychological bond with the deceased—has been consistently identified as contributing to CG (Bowlby, 1980; Lobb et al., 2010; Maccallu…”
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Brand afterlife: Transference to alternate brands following corporate failure
Russell, C. A., Schau, H. J., & Bliese, P. D. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.054 · Cited by 10
Long-Term Reactions to the Loss of a Close Friend in an Extreme Terror Incident
Johnsen, I., Dyregrov, K., Matthiesen, S. B., & Laberg, J. C. (2018) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222818814052 · Cited by 10
“…grief include traumatic death, lack of preparedness, emotional closeness to the deceased, being young and being a woman (Keesee, Currier, & Neimeyer, 2008; Lobb et al., 2010; Nakajima et al., 2012), and when young people die (Hardison, Neimeyer, & Lichstein, 2005; Ringler & Hayden, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Relationship Between Complicated Grief and Depression: Relevance, Etiological Mechanisms, and Implications
LeBlanc, N. J., Simon, N. M., Reynolds, C. F., Shear, M. K., Skritskaya, N. A., & Zisook, S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813333-0.00020-2 · Cited by 10
Post-series depression: scale development and validation
Kottász, R., Bennett, R., & Randell, T. (2019) · Arts and the Market · doi:10.1108/aam-02-2019-0009 · Cited by 10
Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy (iCBT) for adults with prolonged grief disorder (PGD): A study protocol for a randomized feasibility trial
Tur, C., Campos, D., Herrero, R., Mor, S., López-Montoyo, A., Castilla, D., & Quero, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046477 · Cited by 9
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Heeke, C., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.1007/s00115-014-4234-0 · Cited by 9
Are Sensory Experiences of One’s Deceased Spouse Associated with Bereavement-Related Distress?
Kamp, K. S., Moskowitz, A. K., Due, H., & Spindler, H. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221078686 · Cited by 9
Examining the Cultural Appropriateness of Advance Care Planning Tools for Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer: An Example of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Voicing My CHOiCES Tool
Evans, H. E., Jessop, S., Bedoya, S. Z., Lyon, M. E., Wiener, L. S., & Sansom‐Daly, U. M. (2023) · Current Problems in Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2023.101010 · Cited by 9
Practitioner perspectives on the use of acceptance and commitment therapy for bereavement support: a qualitative study
Willi, N., Pancoast, A., Drikaki, I., Gu, X., Gillanders, D. T., & Finucane, A. (2024) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-024-01390-x · Cited by 13
Informal social support following bereavement: A scoping review of provider and recipient perspectives of helpful and unhelpful interactions
Tognela, J. A., Rudaizky, D., Robinson, K., Mason, H. M., & Breen, L. J. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2454506 · Cited by 11
“The literature consistently identifies the beneficial effects of social support for grief and fostering psychological adaptation to bereavement (e.g., Aoun et al., 2015; Chen, 2022; Lobb et al., 2010; Schoonover et al., 2022; Scott et al., 2020).”
Interventions to Improve Advance Care Planning Documentation in the Electronic Health Record
Walling, A. M., Sudore, R. L., Gibbs, L., Rahimi, M., Hays, R. D., Tseng, C., Patel, K., Santos, K., Vidorreta, F. J. S., Chau, A. J., et al. (2025) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/annals-25-02111 · Cited by 9
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Lenzo, V., Sardella, A., Musetti, A., Faraone, C., & Quattropani, M. C. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266289 · Cited by 9
“including social support and insecure attachment style [10-12].”
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Grief and bereavement in the time of COVID-19: a thematic analysis exploring psychotherapists’ observations of clients’ experiences
Buckley, A., Dodd, A., & Guérin, S. (2023) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2023.2186834 · Cited by 14
“Ambiguous loss, certain enhanced emotions, and disenfranchised grief have been outlined as risk factors for prolonged grief experiences and disorders (Carr, 2003; Lobb et al., 2010; Wallace, Wladkowski, Gibson, & White, 2020; Zhai & Du, 2020).”
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Psychosocial functioning after losing a close friend in an extreme terror incident
Johnsen, I., Christian, L. J., Matthiesen, S. B., Dyregrov, A., & Dyregrov, K. (2015) · Scandinavian Psychologist · doi:10.15714/scandpsychol.2.e5 · Cited by 9
“the way the young people were killed and the age of the victims (Hardison et al., 2005; Lobb et al., 2010; Nakajima et al., 2012).”
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Exploring the Social Networks of Bereaved Spouses: Phenomenological Case Studies
Morrigan, B., Keesing, S., & Breen, L. J. (2020) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222820944062 · Cited by 9
“…experience of grief that occurs for each person as they navigate bereavement is unique and depends upon the characteristics of the bereaved person, the circumstances of the death, and the broader context in which the loss occurs (Blackburn & Dwyer, 2017; Burke & Neimeyer, 2013; Lobb et al., 2010).”
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Dying in Hospital during COVID-19: Isolation, Despair, and Moral Distress
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End of Life Intervention Program During COVID-19 in Vall d'Hebron University Hospital
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“Specific features that increase the chance of PGD appearance include the lack of preparedness or unexpected death, not knowing about the quality of the caregiving or dying experiences, absence of physical social support (20), or grief rituals (e.”
Background
The Relationship Between Experiences With the Criminal Justice System and Mental Health Outcomes Among Survivors of Homicide
Milman, E. J., Williams, J. L., Bountress, K. E., & Rheingold, A. A. (2018) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.v33.i2.124 · Cited by 9
“Time since loss and ambiguity regarding cause of death both affect mental health following bereavement (Burke & Neimeyer, 2013; Lobb et al., 2010).”
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Prolonged grief disorder in Arabic-speaking treatment-seeking populations: Relationship with socio-demographic aspects, loss- and trauma-related characteristics, and mental health support
Specht, F., Vöhringer, M., Knaevelsrud, C., Wagner, B., Stammel, N., & Böttche, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.933848 · Cited by 9

Authors: Lobb, E. A., Kristjanson, L. J., Aoun, S. M., Monterosso, L., Halkett, G. K. B., & Davies, A.
Affiliations: Edith Cowan University (AU)
Curtin University (AU)
Australian National University (AU)
Corresponding author: Lobb, Elizabeth A.
ORCID: Lobb, Elizabeth A.
Aoun, Samar M.
Monterosso, Leanne
Halkett, Georgia K. B.
Venue: Death Studies
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-08-19
Volume: 34
Issue: 8
Pages: 673-698
ISSN: 0748-1187 (ISSN-L)
1091-7683
DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2010.496686
OpenAlex: W2047256903
Cited by: 611
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 1.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Locations: Death Studies (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
ResearchOnline@ND (The University of Notre Dame) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Australian Government
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: complicated grief, bereavement, attachment styles, trauma exposure, psychiatric history, violent death, caregiver experiences, kinship, marital intimacy, preparation for death, social support, cognitive appraisal, meaning-making, attachment theory, constructivist learning model, cognitive-behavioral model
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Attitude to Death, Mental Disorders, Grief, Humans, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Violence, Caregivers

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Predictors of Complicated Grief: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies

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