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Gut microbes in neurocognitive and mental health disorders
Open accessAbstract
Introduction As individuals age, the prevalence of neurocognitive and mental health disorders increases. Current biomedical treatments do not completely address the management of these conditions. Despite new pharmacological therapy the challenges of managing these diseases remain.There is increasing evidence that the Gut Microbiome (GM) and microbial dysbiosis contribute to some of the more prevalent mental health and neurocognitive disorders, such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BP), and dementia as well as the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Methodology: Scoping review about the effect of gut microbiota on neurocognitive and mental health disorders.Results This scoping review found there is an evolving evidence of the involvement of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive and mental health disorders. This manuscript also discusses how the psychotropics used to treat these conditions may have an antimicrobial effect on GM, and the potential for new strategies of management with probiotics and faecal transplantation.Conclusions This understanding can open up the need for a gut related approach in these disorders as well as unlock the door for the role of gut related microbiota management.KEY MESSAGESChallenges of managing mental health conditions remain in spite of new pharmacological therapy.Gut dysbiosis is seen in various mental health conditions.Various psychotropic medications can have an influence on the gut microbiota by their antimicrobial effect.
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“Certainly, the MGB axis has multiple sites for off-target activity, which may lead to positive or negative neurocognitive effects downstream, emphasizing the importance of antibiotic stewardship (404–407).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [404]
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InfluentialIzzy, S., Yahya, T., Albastaki, O., Cao, T., Schwerdtfeger, L., Abou‐El‐Hassan, H., Chopra, K., Ekwudo, M. N., Kurdeikaite, U., Verissimo, I. M., et al. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae147 · Cited by 8
“95,101,102 Synthesis of secondary bile acids was also decreased, a pathway previously shown to play an anti-inflammatory role 103 and specifically decrease activation in proinflammatory microglia profiles in animal models of multiple sclerosis.”
BackgroundFIGO best practice recommendations for the mental health of women at menopausal age
Khadilkar, S. S., Divakar, H., Benedetto, C., Genazzani, A., Ramos, D. E., Argale, E., Deshpande, G., Hicky, M., Filho, A. L. D. S., Castañeda, E. H., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.70943 · Cited by 8
Babiker, R. A., Kaddam, L. A., & Mariod, A. A. (2022) · Functional Food Science · doi:10.31989/ffs.v2i10.1019 · Cited by 11
Deda, O., Kachrimanidou, M., Armitage, E. G., Mouskeftara, T., Loftus, N. J., Zervos, I. A., Taitzoglou, I., & Gika, H. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12111039 · Cited by 6
“There is increasing evidence that gut dysbiosis is correlated with some of the more common mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BP), and dementia [8,9].”
BackgroundRole of Glial Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) and Microbiota in Schizophrenia
Tsytsarev, V., Vaganova, A. N., Volnova, A. B., Fesenko, Z. S., Getachew, B., Gainetdinov, R. R., & Tizabi, Y. (2025) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-025-04525-5 · Cited by 5
Pangenomics: A new era in the field of neurodegenerative diseases
Abondio, P., Bruno, F., Passarino, G., Montesanto, A., & Luiselli, D. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102180 · Cited by 7
“…is compounded by the fact that BPSD can present a marked inter-individual variability in different patient populations and environmental factors can play a major role (Halverson and Alagiakrishnan, 2020; Talebzadeh et al., 2023; van der Velde-van Buuringen et al., 2023; Wan et al., 2021).”
BackgroundBellach, L., Kautzky‐Willer, A., Heneis, K., Leutner, M., & Kautzky, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162584 · Cited by 5
Shevlyakov, A., Nikogosov, D. A., Stewart, L.-A., & Toribio-Mateas, M. A. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021002524 · Cited by 5
Gut microbiota and psychiatric disorders
Jaiswal, S., Bag, A., & Bhandarı, S. S. (2022) · Open Journal of Psychiatry & Allied Sciences · doi:10.5958/2394-2061.2022.00016.7 · Cited by 4
“[1] Last decade witnessed growing attention of the scientific community for the potential effect GM on human health and wellbeing.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Microbiota on Neurological Disorders: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
Merra, G., Placa, G. L., Covino, M., Candelli, M., Gasbarrini, A., & Franceschi, F. (2025) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2501273 · Cited by 6
Wei, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, S.-A., Liu, K., Zhong, Q., Fan, W., Cao, B., Chen, H.-W., Liang, Y., Li, Q., et al. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251372522 · Cited by 4
Reque, P. M., Brandelli, A., Miyazaki, C. M. S., & Pessoa, A. F. M. (2025) · Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research · doi:10.1155/agm3/3675425 · Cited by 5
The Role of Various Types of Diets in the Treatments of Depressive Disorders
Lis, A., Maj, P., Świętek, A., & Romuk, E. B. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61101737 · Cited by 5
“Among these factors, diet represents the most modifiable determinant, with specific dietary patterns capable of steering the microbiota toward either pro-inflammatory or neuroprotective configurations [119,120].”
Opportunities for growth in the growing field of psychobiotics
Wissel, E. F., de León, L. C.-D., & Tipton, L. (2022) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2022.0051 · Cited by 4
Tuberculosis-related Mood Disorders: Probiotics as a Next-Generation Strategy
Bhardwaj, A., & Gupta, R. (2023) · Current Probiotics · doi:10.2174/0126666499221169231123062539 · Cited by 4
Gustafson, K. L., McAdams, Z. L., Russell, A. L., Dorfmeyer, R. A., Turner, G., & Ericsson, A. C. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109090 · Cited by 4
A Deep Insight into the Correlation Between Gut Dysbiosis and Alzheimer’s Amyloidopathy
Kondaveeti, S. N., Thekkekkara, D., Lakshmi Narayanan, T., Manjula, S. N., Tausif, Y. M., Babu, A., & Meheronnisha, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics · doi:10.1177/0976500x221150310 · Cited by 3
Halverson, T., & Alagiakrishnan, K. (2025) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin36616 · Cited by 4
“Disruptions in the GM can alter the metabolites they produce, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and even neurotransmitters that affect the brain through the brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axis [5,6].”
The Role of Microbiota Pattern in Anxiety and Stress Disorders—A Review of the State of Knowledge
Krupa-Kotara, K. H., Gwioździk, W., Nandzik, S., & Grajek, M. K. (2023) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych5030038 · Cited by 5
“A reduction in the abundance of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Verrucomicrobia has also been noted among those with PTSD symptoms [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialA discussion on A1-free milk: Nuances and comments beyond implications to the health
Dantas, A., Pierezan, M. D., Camelo‐Silva, C., Zanetti, V. C., Pimentel, T. C., da Cruz, A. G., & Verruck, S. (2024) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.01.001 · Cited by 3
Wang, J., Lv, R., Xiong, S., Wang, H., & Zeng, Q. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000045195 · Cited by 2
“[40] The gut-brain axis allows gut microbes to influence the central nervous system by producing neurotransmitters, and affect the metabolism of carcinogenic compounds, either detoxifying them or producing metabolites that can promote cancer development.”
Oral administration of indole-3-lactic acid alleviates activity-based anorexia in female mice
Tang, X., Wang, J., Sun, J., Jin, Z., Qian, X., Zhao, J., Chen, W., & Tian, P. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110746 · Cited by 2
Can bugs be an alternative or adjuvant to drugs in schizophrenia?
Syed, M., Nayak, V., & Shenoy, P. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science · doi:10.7324/japs.2024.142934 · Cited by 2
“…and inflammatory pathways, neurotransmitters, microbial by-products, neuroendocrine and enteroendocrine signaling [vagus nerve and ENS, cortisol, and hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal (HPA) axis], the stress response, and the vagus nerve; however, the processes are still being understood [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Biomolecular Basis of Gut Microbiome on Neurological Diseases
Anaya‐Prado, R., Cárdenas-Fregoso, A. P., Reyes-Perez, A. M., Ortiz-Hernandez, D. M., Quijano-Ortiz, M., Delgado-Martinez, M. V., Pelayo-Romo, A. S., Anaya-Fernández, R., Anaya-Fernandez, M. M., Azcona-Ramirez, C. C., et al. (2024) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2403232 · Cited by 1
Human Microbiome-Based Prediction of Health Effects of Foods via Machine Learning
Inoue, N., Shibata, T., Sawada, R., & Yamanishi, Y. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c06318 · Cited by 1
Li, Y., Wu, H., Yang, J., Weedor, J. G., Ding, H., Cui, W., Cui, B., He, Z., Zhang, W., Xing, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03761-y · Cited by 2
“Gut microbiota dysbiosis is gradually established as a causal factor for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including TNDs [38–40].”
Reisinger, S. N., Kong, G., van de Garde, N., Muhammad, A., Adithya, P., Lü, D., Kiridena, P., Gubert, C., Dabscheck, G., Payne, J. M., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03609-0 · Cited by 1
Uso de los probióticos como tratamiento de síntomas intestinales causados por depresión
Hernández, J. P. C., & Calle, D. F. C. (2023) · LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades · doi:10.56712/latam.v4i2.617 · Cited by 2
Tseng, C., Chen, S. S., Lin, T., Chang, R., Yip, H., & Hung, Y. (2024) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1093/postmj/qgae096 · Cited by 1
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Gut microbiota disorders in obesity and colorectal cancer
SZPONAROWICZ, P., RZESZUTKO, M., SNOPKOWSKI, B., Raczkiewicz, P., PANEK, E., JASŁOWSKI, D., Panasiuk, D., Korzec, T., Sosnowski, J., & SKRĘTOWICZ, M. (2023) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.20.01.004
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Gustafson, K. L., McAdams, Z. L., Russell, A. L., Dorfmeyer, R. A., TURNER, G. M., & Ericsson, A. C. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548851
“Research has also shown that the GM can 50 influence many pathophysiological and disease processes within the host including obesity [2], 51 inflammatory bowel disease [3], colon cancer [4], mental health disorders [5], and autism [6], 52 potentially alleviating or exacerbating disease processes.”
BackgroundThe use of supplements in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorders
Jeremić, N., Gostiljac, M., Stojanović, D., Nešić, M., Dodić, S., Erić, E., Dunjić-Kostić, B., Puric, M., & Pantović-Stefanović, M. (2022) · Engrami · doi:10.5937/engrami44-42748
“Poremećaji crevne flore mogu da dovedu do poremećaje nivoa triptofana, a niski nivoi triptofana su nađeni kod osoba sa BP [55] .”
BackgroundExploring the Microbiome through Probiotics and Psychobiotics: Deciphering the Gut-Brain Link
Pathak, R., Tirumalai, P. S., & Kashyap, S. (2023) · ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.31080/asmi.2023.06.1315
Insights in the Cross-Talk Between Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Focus on Alzheimer’s Disease
Soni, T., Jawanda, I. K., Kumari, S., & Prabha, V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3126-2_22
Metadata
- Authors
- Halverson, T., & Alagiakrishnan, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Alagiakrishnan, Kannayiram
- Venue
- Annals of Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-08-31
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 423-443
- ISSN
- 0785-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2060
- PMC
- PMC7877977
- OpenAlex
- W3047682179
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, dysbiosis, microbiota-gut-brain axis, neurocognitive disorders, mental illness, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, dementia, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, psychotropic drugs, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Mental Disorders, Cognition, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Mental Health, Psychotropic Drugs, Treatment Outcome, Probiotics, Dysbiosis
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