Micro-encapsulation differentially impacts probiotic effects on brain structure and function in an elderly population - a randomised placebo-controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Increasing evidence suggests that modulations of the gut-brain axis with probiotics impact healthy ageing. This double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled study compared effects of micro-encapsulated and non-encapsulated Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 in 87 community-dwelling elderly (60-80 years). Resting state functional connectivity differed significantly in regions involved in visual processing and perception between the two probiotic groups (p < 0.0001). Brain morphometry was not altered. Significant time*group effects (p < 0.05) were observed for processing speed, non-significant effects were observed for short-term memory and anxiety symptoms, while other cognitive domains, depression, perceived stress, and sleep quality were unaffected. Distribution of available and stored peripheral serotonin was significantly affected (p < 0.05), while levels of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in striatum and circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor did not show significant time*group effects. Micro-encapsulated probiotics target the gut differently, which impacts the effects on brain health assessed by (functional) magnetic resonance imaging in older adults. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under ID: NCT05801042.
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The study design ranked participants by sex and age and employed high compliance and quality control in neuroimaging data acquisition, providing robust insight into psychobiotic effects on brain function.
“The study design, which ranked participants by sex and age and employed high compliance and quality control in neuroimaging data acquisition, provided robust insight into psychobiotic effects on brain function.”
From Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis (2026) · cites this paper as Rode et al., 2025
In that study, peripheral serotonin levels showed significant changes over time, but no notable differences were detected in GABA, glutamate, or BDNF.
“While peripheral serotonin levels showed significant changes over time, no notable differences were detected in GABA, glutamate, or BDNF.”
From Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis (2026) · cites this paper as Rode et al., 2025
In community-dwelling individuals, micro-encapsulated and non-encapsulated Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 produced significant differences in resting-state functional connectivity within regions associated with visual processing and perception, but no changes in brain morphometry.
“Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant differences in functional connectivity within regions associated with visual processing and perception between the two probiotic formulations, although no changes in brain morphometry were observed.”
From Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis (2026) · cites this paper as Rode et al., 2025
Micro-encapsulation appeared to influence gut delivery and, consequently, the impact on functional brain connectivity.
“Micro-encapsulation appeared to influence gut delivery and, consequently, the impact on functional brain connectivity.”
From Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis (2026) · cites this paper as Rode et al., 2025
Targeted psychobiotic interventions can modulate functional connectivity in the aging brain and selectively improve cognitive performance.
“Nonetheless, the study demonstrates that targeted psychobiotic interventions can modulate functional connectivity in the aging brain and selectively improve cognitive performance.”
From Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis (2026) · cites this paper as Rode et al., 2025
In that study, cognitive testing indicated significant improvements in processing speed, whereas short-term memory, anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and sleep quality remained largely unaffected.
“Cognitive testing indicated significant improvements in processing speed, whereas other domains, including short-term memory, anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and sleep quality, remained largely unaffected.”
From Psychobiotics in mental health: insights from human clinical trials via the gut-brain axis (2026) · cites this paper as Rode et al., 2025
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- Authors
- Rode, J., Hutchinson, A. N., Chatzopoulou, M. S., Bleiel, S. B., Gebresenbet, R. F., Andersson, L., Persson, J., Daillère, R., Beitz, B., Ben Abdallah, B., Tingö, L., Bergh, C., & Brummer, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Örebro University (SE)
- AnaBio Technologies (Ireland) (IE)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- BIOASTER (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Rode, Julia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-11
- Volume
- 130
- Pages
- 106113
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4414422182
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 5.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Dr Per Hakansson Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- probiotics, microencapsulation, gut-brain axis, healthy aging, older adults, resting-state functional connectivity, brain morphometry, processing speed, peripheral serotonin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, visual processing, striatum
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Probiotics, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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