Evaluating Collaborative Natural ResourceManagement
Abstract
In this article, we look at the evolving collaborative natural resource management movement in the United States and discuss current calls to evaluate it. We then explore approaches researchers have used to evaluate both specific efforts and the broader movement. Evaluative criteria developed thus far by several researchers show commonalities as well as differences. We argue that evaluation approaches will necessarily vary with the evaluation's intent, the type of collaborative effort being evaluated, and the values of the evaluator. Evaluators need to consider and make explicit their standards for comparison, criteria, and methods in order to clarify the nature of an evaluation and facilitate the synthesis of findings.
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Because collaborative actions often unfold over long periods and are carried out by individual partners or external agents subject to forces outside the regime, tracing and attributing influence or causation to the collaborative governance regime is difficult.
“Because such actions often take place over a long period of time and often by individual partners or external agents subject to other forces outside the CGR, it can be difficult to trace and attribute influence or causation to the CGR (Conley and Moote 2003;Emerson et al. 2003;Koontz and Thomas 2006).”
From An Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance (2012) · cites this paper as Conley and Moote 2003
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Peterson, M. N., Peterson, M. N., Peterson, T. R., & Leong, K. M. (2013) · Pacific Conservation Biology · doi:10.1071/pc130094 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Jones, P. J. S., & Burgess, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.04.004 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“failure comes not only at a heavy cost of time and effort, but perhaps more significantly, at a cost of social capital consumed rather built ( Conley and Moote 2003 ).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialReconceptualizing public participation in environmental assessment as EA civics
Sinclair, A. J., & Diduck, A. P. (2016) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2016.03.009 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“The literature on public participation evaluation is quite rich (e.g., Smith, 1983; Beierle, 1999; Rowe and Frewer, 2000; Conley and Moote, 2003; Mandarano, 2008; and also see Reed's 2008 comprehensive literature review).”
BackgroundKoontz, T. M., Jager, N. W., & Newig, J. (2019) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2019.1583397 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“More recent studies did not include more explicit measures of ecological outcomes or impacts, as called for by Koontz and Thomas (2006) and Conley and Moote (2003). This could be a reflection of the innate challenge of measuring environmental impacts of decision processes, since ecological conditions are a function of…”
BackgroundInfluentialParticipatory evaluation of collaborative and integrated water management: Insights from the field
Ferreyra, C., & Beard, P. (2007) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640560601156532 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“According to some authors, the premise that CIWM actually contributes to resolving or ameliorating water quality and quantity issues has yet to be critically addressed (Bellamy et al., 1999; Ewing et al., 2000; Conley & Moote, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialThomas, C. W., & Koontz, T. M. (2011) · Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research · doi:10.1080/19390459.2011.557877 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Moreover, it is better to have third-party evaluators monitor performance when neutrality is desired (Conley & Moote, 2003).”
BackgroundTry, try again: Lessons learned from success and failure in participatory modeling
Sterling, E., Zellner, M., Jenni, K., Leong, K. M., Glynn, P., BenDor, T., Bommel, P., Hubacek, K., Jetter, A. J., Jordan, R., et al. (2019) · Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene · doi:10.1525/elementa.347 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Review of factors influencing social learning within participatory environmental governance
Ernst, A. (2019) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-10599-240103 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Indigenous governance of cultural heritage: searching for alternatives to co-management
Grey, S., & Kuokkanen, R. (2020) · International Journal of Heritage Studies · doi:10.1080/13527258.2019.1703202 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Exploring the Concept of “Ownership” in Natural Resource Planning
Lachapelle, P. R., & McCool, S. F. (2005) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920590908141 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Hajer (1995, 42) identifies problem ownership in terms of the policymaking process and related social constructions that seek to define ‘‘how certain actors have successfully imposed their definitions of a problem on others.’’ Van Riper (2003), Cesteros (1999), and McCool and Guthrie (2001) also use the term to descri…”
BackgroundBenson, D., Jordan, A., & Smith, L. (2013) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a45378 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“In fact, a considerable body of research identifies the preconditions for its success and indeed consciously seeks to extend collaborative approaches (Conley and Moote, 2003; Koontz and Thomas, 2006; Margerum and Whitall, 2004).”
BackgroundDistributing conservation incentives in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Spiteri, A., & Nepal, S. K. (2008) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892908004451 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Local perceptions were also qualitatively evaluated during informal discussions in the villages, observations in the field, guided interviews with community informants, Park management and conservation experts, and a review of CNP’s published and unpublished policies (Conley & Moote 2003).”
BackgroundFactors driving collaboration in natural resource conflict management: Evidence from Romania
Hossu, C.-A., Iojă, C., Susskind, L. E., Badiu, D. L., & Hersperger, A. M. (2018) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-018-1016-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
European governance of natural resources and participation in a multi‐level context: An editorial
Rauschmayer, F., Paavola, J., & Wittmer, H. (2009) · Environmental Policy and Governance · doi:10.1002/eet.504 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Criteria for the Assessment of Sustainable Water Management
Hedelin, B. (2006) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-004-0387-0 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Nabiafjadi, S., Sharifzadeh, M., & Ahmadvand, M. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112376 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Benson, D., Fritsch, O., Cook, H., & Schmid, M. (2013) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.11.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sheppard, D. J., Moehrenschlager, A., McPherson, J. M., & Mason, J. J. (2010) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s037689291000041x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The indicators we use to judge the success of WCHS in the face of these challenges are necessarily contextspecific and shaped by data availability (Conley & Moote 2003), but are guided by a broad comprehensive evaluation framework.”
MethodAssessing Collaborative Capacity in a Multidimensional World
Weber, E. P., Lovrich, N. P., & Gaffney, M. J. (2007) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/0095399706297213 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“correctly issued by Conley and Moote (2003), for more systematic, sophisticated research”
BackgroundLane, M. B., & Robinson, C. (2009) · Australasian Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1080/14486563.2009.9725213 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…will show, integration can be achieved through deliberative, collaborative processes that enable non-state actors to participate in environmental decision-making as a means of managing conflict and enhancing social and institutional responsibility (Conley & Moote 2003; Ferreyra & Beard 2007).”
BackgroundCollective self-governance in a marine community: expedition cruise tourism at Svalbard
van Bets, L. K. J., Lamers, M., & van Tatenhove, J. P. M. (2017) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2017.1291653 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…Kooiman, 2003; Rhodes, 1996), based on participation and collective action of user communities and collaboration between state and non-state actors (see also Bramwell & Sharman, 1999; Conley & Moote, 2003; Lamers, van der Duim, van Wijk, Nthiga, & Visseren-Hamakers, 2014; Nelson & Agrawal, 2008).”
BackgroundStakeholder Engagement in Environmental Water Management
Conallin, J. C., Dickens, C. W. S., Hearne, D., & Allan, C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803907-6.00007-3 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Assessing Outputs, Outcomes, and Barriers in Collaborative Water Governance: A Case Study
Koebele, E. A. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education · doi:10.1111/j.1936-704x.2015.03196.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Multiscalar Governance and Regional Environmental Management in Australia
Morrison, T. H. (2007) · Space and Polity · doi:10.1080/13562570701811551 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“This is a depressing observation for those who view institutional reform as a strategy for political change” (also see Conley and Moote, 2003; Walther, 1987).”
BackgroundHead, B. W., Ross, H., & Bellamy, J. A. (2016) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.03.019 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Boundary spanners as trust ambassadors in collaborative natural resource management
Coleman, K., & Stern, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2017.1303462 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…cite a number of positive outcomes: improved communication, shared understanding of the problem and context, conflict management, enhanced trust, and increased social, political, and intellectual capital (Ansell and Gash 2008; Conley and Moote 2003; Innes and Booher 2010; McKinney and Field 2008).”
BackgroundCullen, D., McGee, G., Gunton, T., & Day, J. C. (2010) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920903002552 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Collaborative watershed partnerships in urban and rural areas: Different pathways to success?
Hardy, S. D., & Koontz, T. M. (2010) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.12.005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bixler, R. P., Johnson, S., Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., Reuling, M., Curtin, C. G., Romolini, M., & Grove, J. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.1250 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Muñoz‐Erickson, T. A., Cutts, B. B., Larson, E. K., Darby, K. J., Neff, M. W., Wutich, A., & Bolin, B. (2010) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-03390-150322 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…that the ultimate success of a watershed partnership, or any form of collaborative management, needs to be evaluated through longterm analysis of both its process and social– ecological outcomes (Conley and Moote 2003, Muñoz-Erickson et al. 2007), as well as how well it meets stated policy goals.”
BackgroundUrgenson, L. S., Ryan, C. M., Halpern, C. B., Bakker, J. D., Belote, R. T., Franklin, J. F., Haugo, R. D., Nelson, C. R., & Waltz, A. E. M. (2016) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-016-0791-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Previous research suggests that having clear and feasible goals aids effective collaboration (Schuett et al. 2001; Conley and Moote 2003).”
BackgroundCrossing Boundaries, Crossing Scales: The Evolution of Environment and Resource Co‐Management
Plummer, R., & Armitage, D. R. (2007) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00040.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Consequently, the exuberant call for co-management is juxtaposed by critics who seek to critically examine the experience or ‘reality’ of the co-management with its rhetoric and promise (Conley and Moote 2003; Kellert et al. 2000).”
BackgroundINTEGRATING SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND BIOPHYSICAL DATA TO UNDERPIN COLLABORATIVE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Curtis, A. L., Byron, I., & MacKay, J. (2005) · JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association · doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03754.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Role of Social Science in Successfully Implementing Watershed Management Strategies
Floress, K. M., Akamani, K., Halvorsen, K. E., Kozich, A. T., & Davenport, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education · doi:10.1111/j.1936-704x.2015.03189.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Establishing and utilizing social networks have been identified as important functions of a watershed group (Conley and Moote 2003; Koontz 2003; Floress et al. 2011a).”
BackgroundRangeland Systems in Developing Nations: Conceptual Advances and Societal Implications
Coppock, D. L., Fernández‐Giménez, M. E., Hiernaux, P., Huber‐Sannwald, E., Schloeder, C. A., Valdivia, C., Arredondo, J. T., Jacobs, M. J., Turín, C., & Turner, M. D. (2017) · Springer series on environmental management · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_17 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“A variety of approaches have evolved (Conley and Moote 2003).”
Powell, R. B., Cuschnir, A., & Peiris, P. K. D. (2009) · Coastal Management · doi:10.1080/08920750903194272 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Trimble, M., & Plummer, R. (2018) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-018-0602-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ernst, A. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.020 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Robinson, C., Margerum, R. D., Koontz, T. M., Moseley, C., & Lurie, S. (2011) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2010.487848 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Muñoz‐Erickson, T. A., Aguilar‐González, B., & Sisk, T. D. (2007) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-02092-120206 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The assessment of participant perceptions is the most common sampling method used in this type of evaluation (Conley and Moote 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBaşkent, E. Z., Başkaya, Ş., & Terzioğlu, S. (2008) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.039 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Participation process promotes effective communication at various levels and generally involves in defining the stakeholders, conducting needs and expectation analysis, creating awareness through structured meetings, taking majority decision with democratic discussion, identifying and sharing rights and responsibiliti…”
BackgroundExploring the interlinkages between governance and social capital: A dynamic model for forestry
Górriz‐Mifsud, E., Secco, L., & Pisani, E. (2016) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.01.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Weber, E. P., Lovrich, N. P., & Gaffney, M. J. (2005) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920591005034 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The MEPPP Framework: A Framework for Monitoring and Evaluating Participatory Planning Processes
Hassenforder, É., Pittock, J., Barreteau, O., Daniell, K. A., & Ferrand, N. (2015) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-015-0599-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Serengeti National Park and its neighbours – Do they interact?
Kaltenborn, B. P., Nyahongo, J. W., Kidegesho, J. R., & Haaland, H. (2008) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2008.02.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Organizational Dynamics of Watershed Partnerships: A Key to Integrated Water Resources Management
Genskow, K. D., & Born, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education · doi:10.1111/j.1936-704x.2006.mp135001007.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Even when considering intermediate measures, researchers must consider how benefits can be attributed to the integration versus individual agency or organizational action (Bellamy et al. 1999, Conley and Moote 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- CONLEY, A., & MOOTE, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Northern Arizona University (US)
- Venue
- Society & Natural Resources
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-05
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 371-386
- ISSN
- 0894-1920 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0723
- OpenAlex
- W2157693829
- Cited by
- 505
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 13.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Society & Natural Resources (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Keywords
- collaborative natural resource management, evaluation approaches, evaluation criteria, evaluation standards, collaborative governance
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