The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reaction Time Distribution Analysis of Neuropsychological Performance in an ADHD Sample
Abstract
Differences in reaction time (RT) variability have been documented between children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Most previous research has utilized estimates of normal distributions to examine variability. Using a nontraditional approach, the present study evaluated RT distributions on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test in children and adolescents from the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD sample compared to a matched sample of normal controls (n = 65 pairs). The ex-Gaussian curve was used to model RT and RT variability. Children with ADHD demonstrated faster RT associated with the normal portion of the curve and a greater proportion of abnormally slow responses associated with the exponential portion of the curve. These results contradict previous interpretation that children with ADHD have slower than normal responding and demonstrate why slower RT is found when estimates of variability assume normal Gaussian distributions. Further, results of this study suggest that the greater number of abnormally long RTs of children with ADHD reflect attentional lapses on some but not all trials.
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In the citing paper
“Research using ex-Gaussian parameters has shown that ADHD-related RTV is largely the result of an elevation in tau [10,13,32].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“In ADHD research, RTV in ADHD is typically interpreted (at least implicitly) as reflecting occasional lapses in attention”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“In a more recent study using a Go/No-go (“continuous performance”) task designed to assess response (including inhibitory) control, investigators found ADHD was associated with abnormalities in both the normal (increased sigma) and exponential (increased tau) components of reaction time distribution (Hervey et al., 2006).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Analyses characterizing ISV in ADHD has revealed a pattern of occasional responses with unusually long reaction time, with the majority of responses being comparable to comparison groups (Castellanos et al., 2005; Hervey et al., 2006; Leth-Steensen, King Elbaz, & Douglas, 2000).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Statistical analyses utilizing comparison of group means and variability (i.e., standard deviation), may mask such responses by treating them as outliers or by treating them as “noise” that becomes averaged with other responses (Hervey et al., 2006).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“However, our findings and those generated by Hervey et al. (2006) indicate that under conditions requiring higher degrees of response control, increased variability in ADHD is present throughout the RT distribution, regardless of ADHD subtype, reflecting inefficiency in neural mechanisms critical to engaging a state of preparedness to respond.”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Our findings of increases in normal (i.e., sigma) as well as exponential (i.e., tau) variability are consistent with that seen in a prior study of ADHD in which ex-Gaussian analysis was applied to a different Go/No-go task (Hervey et al., 2006); in that study children with ADHD also showed increased variability in both the normal and exponential portions of the RT distribution.”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“an Ex-Gaussian analysis revealed that, compared with controls, the ADHD group had lower estimates of m (ie, faster RTs) but a greater t (ie, more long RTs).”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Hervey et al (2006)
In the citing paper
“On the basis of standard analyses, the ADHD group had a longer MRT and greater SD and skewness.”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Hervey et al (2006)
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“This would also provide the opportunity for direct theoretical testing, something that several authors have suggested is highly important for advancements in the study of ADHD (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002; Sergeant, 2000).”
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Cited by
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“ADHD may alter the distribution of RTs (e.g., Hervey et al., 2006).”
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Workload and task performance in human-robot peer-based teams
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“Despite the predominance and negative impact of motor symptoms in ADHD (Hervey et al., 2006; Wilcutt et al., 2005), research on whether motor atypicalities can be used as an endophenotype for ADHD, their role in hyperactive/impulsive behaviors, and how executive functions (EF) and motor control…”
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“…the degree and variability of occasional extremely slow responses (i.e. extremely slow processing speed), and has been linked to attentional lapses and transient periods of inefficient task performance (Hervey et al., 2006; Karalunas, Geurts, Konrad, Bender, & Nigg, 2014; West et al., 2002).”
van der Meer, J. M. J., Hartman, C. A., Thissen, A. J. A. M., Oerlemans, A. M., Luman, M., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. J. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0734-0 · Cited by 6
“These measures may differentially affect cognitive functions that rely on accurate motor timing [7–9].”
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“…of poor attention, having been shown to differentiate between children with and without ADHD and to correlate with symptoms of inattention (e.g., Castellanos & Tannock, 2002; Hervey et al., 2006; Leth-Steensen, Elbaz, & Douglas, 2000; Uebel et al., 2010; Vaurio, Simmonds, & Mostofsky, 2009).”
BackgroundZhong, S., Choi, J. W., Hashoush, N. G., Babayan, D., Malekmohammadi, M., Pouratian, N., & Christopoulos, V. (2022) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010111 · Cited by 5
The visual reaction time distribution in the tasks with different demands on information processing
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“rise rapidly on the left to short RTs and having a long tail on the right to longer RTs (e.g. Whelan, 2008; Hervey et al., 2006).”
BackgroundOkazaki, K., Yamamuro, K., Iida, J., Ota, T., Nakanishi, Y., Matsuura, H., Uratani, M., Sawada, S., Azechi, T., Kishimoto, N., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.024 · Cited by 4
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“Research using ex-Gaussian parameters has shown that ADHD-related RTV is the largely the result of an elevation of tau (Bella-Fernandez et al., 2024; Hervey et al., 2006; Leth-Steensen et al., 2000; Vaurio et al., 2009).”
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Variability, Noise and Predictability in Motor Response Times: Adaptation or Misadaptation?
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“…requiring higher degrees of response control, increased variability in ADHD is present throughout the RT distribution, regardless of ADHD subtype, reflecting inefficiency in neural mechanisms critical to engaging a state of preparedness to respond (Hervey et al. 2006 ; Castellanos et al. 2005).”
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Ex-Gaussian vector metric and similarity index applied to reaction time analysis
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“Finally, many authors claim that tau represents the nondecision time of the RT distribution and may re fl ect the time taken for processes that are not directly involved in generating a response (Hervey et al., 2006; Kobor et al., 2015; Kölle et al., 2022; Leth-Steensen et al., 2000).”
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“Consistent with previous studies, RTs did not differ significantly between groups [ 38 , 39].”
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“…the distribution, has been discussed to reflect lapses of attention in some trials as evident in especially slow responses (i.e., the right tail of the distribution) and has been shown to be higher for cognitively demanding tasks (Heathcote et al., 1991; Hervey et al., 2006; Vasquez et al., 2018).”
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“High processing speed has been widely reported in ADHD frequently associated with an increase in commission errors (Hervey et al. 2006 ; Epstein et al. 2011 ; Willcut et al. 2005).”
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“However, when these RT differences are modeled using an ex-Gaussian distribution (Bella-Fernández et al., 2024; Gu et al., 2013; Hervey et al., 2006; Osmon et al., 2018; Whelan, 2008), the findings reveal that such differences are not uniformly distributed across trials.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., Curry, J. F., Tonev, S., Eugene Arnold, L., Keith Conners, C., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., & Hechtman, L.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Montreal Children's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Jeffery N.
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-140
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2148800933
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01 MH50447, U01MH50461, U01MH50440, U01MH050467, U01MH50454, U01MH050447, U01MH050440, K24MH064478, U01MH050453, U01MH50467, K24 MH64478, U01MH050461, U01MH50453, U01MH050454)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reaction time variability, reaction time distribution, ex-Gaussian distribution, Conners' Continuous Performance Test, attentional lapses, children and adolescents, neuropsychological performance
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Severity of Illness Index
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