Exploring the neural basis of reaction time variability in ADHD: The importance of examining data at the trial level
Open accessAbstract
Patients with ADHD evidence elevated reaction time variability (RTV) due to periodic long reaction times (RTs). Even though reaction time variability (RTV) reflects intraindividual differences in RT across time, prior research exploring the neural basis of RTV in ADHD has primarily examined associations between neural activation and summary RTV outcomes (e.g., standard deviation of reaction time, tau). Here, we explore group differences in the neural basis of RTV by examining association between trial-level RTs and fMRI BOLD activation obtained during a Stop Signal Task in a large ( n = 5719) sample of 9- to 10-year-old children participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Children with ADHD demonstrated greater RTV than those without ADHD. ADHD-related group differences were not observed between fMRI BOLD activation and summary RTV outcomes. At the trial level, longer RTs were associated with increased BOLD activation in salience/ventral attention and executive control networks and decreased BOLD activation in the default mode network , consistent with time-on-task effects (i.e., stimulus processing time) in which long RTs require maintaining task-positive activation and DMN suppression for more time than short RTs. Moreover, children with ADHD showed weaker associations between long RTs and BOLD activation in these regions than children without ADHD supporting models that point to dysregulated competition between the DMN and executive network as mechanism of cognitive impairment in ADHD.
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RTV is considered a marker of attentional fluctuations or lapses that may reflect impaired top-down attentional control.
“It is considered a marker of attentional fluctuations or lapses that may reflect impaired top‐down attentional control (Tamm et al. 2025)”
From Reaction Time Variability and Electrophysiological Indices of Performance Monitoring in Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as Tamm et al. 2025
Intraindividual behavioral variability or inconsistency may be a core and stable feature of ADHD.
“however, intraindividual behavioral variability or inconsistency may be a core and stable feature of the disorder (Kofler et al. 2013; Tamm et al. 2025).”
From Reaction Time Variability and Electrophysiological Indices of Performance Monitoring in Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as Tamm et al. 2025
Intra-individual analyses are necessary to isolate within-subject trial-to-trial variance.
“The study examined inter‐individual measures of RTV, whereas intra‐individual analyses are necessary to isolate within‐subject trial‐to‐trial variance (LoTemplio et al. 2026; Tamm et al. 2025).”
From Reaction Time Variability and Electrophysiological Indices of Performance Monitoring in Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as Tamm et al. 2025
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Epstein, J. N., Karalunas, S. L., Tamm, L., Dudley, J. A., Lynch, J. D., Altaye, M., Simon, J. O., Maloney, T., & Atluri, G. (2022) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617722000431 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Decoupling of reaction time-related default mode network activity with cognitive demand
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Chapter 7 Energetics and the reaction process: Running threads through experimental psychology
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Dynamic Transitions Between Brain States Predict Auditory Attentional Fluctuations
Kondo, H. M., Terashima, H., Ezaki, T., Kochiyama, T., Kihara, K., & Kawahara, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.816735 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Nilchian P. DMN activation may not be related to increased RTV in ADHD Proceedings of the National Conference on Undergraduate Research 2019 Kennesaw, Georgia
Cited by
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Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Hanna, B. S., Arnold, P. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2026) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70403
“It is considered a marker of attentional fluctuations or lapses that may reflect impaired top-down attentional con-trol (Tamm et al. 2025) and discriminate patients with ADHD from controls better than other neuropsychological measures (Pievsky and McGrath 2018).”
InfluentialKatalkar, P., Iyer, L. C., Walankar, P. P., & Karnik, S. (2026) · Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1186/s43161-026-00342-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Callosal Neural Transfer Time in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderPreprint
Mangoud, O. O., Sheikh, S., & Fawzy, R. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9829412/v1
Zhou, Y., & Zhao, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1962306
- Authors
- Tamm, L., Dudley, J. A., Karalunas, S. L., Simon, J. O., Maloney, T. C., Atluri, G., & Epstein, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tamm, Leanne
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage: Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 100263
- ISSN
- 2666-9560 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12162108
- OpenAlex
- W4409424078
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroimage Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U01DA041093, U01DA050988, U01DA041022, U01DA041117, U01DA051037, U01DA041089, U01DA041148, U01DA041174, U01DA041028, U01DA041134, U01DA050989, U01DA051018, U01DA050987, U01DA041156, U01DA051038, U24DA041147, U24DA041123, U01DA051016, U01DA051039, U01DA041025, U01DA041106, U01DA041120, U01DA041048)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1 R01 MH123831-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reaction time variability, BOLD activation, stop-signal task, frontoparietal network, default mode network, time-on-task effects, children, Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study
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