Cited by 1,132Critical Race Theory in EducationCareer Development and DiversityRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

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Critical race theory, race and gender microaggressions, and the experience of Chicana and Chicano scholars

Solorzano, Daniel G.·1998·International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education

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Abstract

Using critical race theory as a framework, this article provides an examination of how racial and gender microaggressions affect the career paths of Chicana and Chicano scholars. This paper reports on open-ended survey and interview data of a purposive sample of six Chicana and six Chicano Ford Foundation Predoctoral, Dissertation, and Postdoctoral Minority Fellows. There are three objectives for this study: (a) to extend and apply a critical race theory to the field of education, (b) to ''recognize,'' ''document,'' and analyze racial and gender microaggressions of Chicana and Chicano scholars, and (c) to ''hear'' the voice of ''discrimination's victims'' by examining the effect of race and gender microaggressions on the lives of Chicana and Chicano scholars. Three patterns of racial and gender microaggressions were found: (a) scholars who felt out of place in the academy because of their race and or gender, (b) scholars who felt their teachers professors had lower expectations for them, and (c) scholars' accounts of subtle and not so subtle racial and gender incidents. The article ends with possible directions for continued critical race theory research with scholars of color.

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“…the inception of CRT, a number of scholars have used this theory to contextualize the ideological dimensions of race and racism as they relate to the inequitable experiences of people of color within the domain of education (Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995; Solorzano, 1997, 1998; Tate, 1993, 1996).”
Background
Critical Race Theory in Education Research
Vue, R., & Newman, C. B. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.01738-3 · Cited by 7
More than a window dressing?: A critical race institutional ethnography of a multicultural student services administrator at a PWI
Ranero, J. J. (2011) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-2454 · Cited by 5
Stereotype Threat and the Standardized Testing Experiences of African American Children at an Urban Elementary School
Wasserberg, M. J. (2009) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi09120815 · Cited by 5
“Within the past decade or so, researchers have applied critical race theory to educational issues (Ladson-Billings, 1999b; Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995; Solorzano, 1998; Solorzano, Ceja, & Yosso, 2000).”
Background
Telling stories of race: a study of racialised subjectivity in the post-apartheid academy
Kiguwa, P. (2015) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 5
Student-Athletes' Experiences with Racial Microaggressions in Sport: A Foucauldian Discourse Analysis
Lee, S.-M. (2017) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.7104 · Cited by 5
Critical race theory and educational research utilizing qualitative methods
Loder–Jackson, T. L., Al‐Sharif, M. A. B., Jones, C. E., Files, M., & Wiggins, C. N. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.11007-3 · Cited by 6
The Power of Women's Friendships to Support Educational Leaders' Success and Wellness
Wenner, J. A., Kier, M. W., Rivera, S., & Rodriguez, S. R. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8638-5.ch002 · Cited by 4
Workplace inequities and health outcomes among Black professionals in Canada
Mugambi, D., Keshavjee, K., Aygun, O. E., Mbinda, T. K., & Guergachi, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311729 · Cited by 8
A Critical Theoretical Approach to Sport-Based Youth Development Research: Yosso’s Community Cultural Wealth Framework
Park, D. J., Choi, W., Lee, W., & Shin, N. (2025) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth5020040 · Cited by 5
“Justice, Like Beauty, is in the Eye of the Beholder”*: A Critical Historical Reimagining of Justice Possibilities in an Anti-DEI Higher Education Landscape
Jayakumar, U. M., & Vue, R. (2025) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2025.2542058 · Cited by 5
“Central to CRT is the belief that BIPOC experiential knowledge is legitimate, critical, and necessary for analyzing and transforming the U.S. legal and education systems (Crenshaw et al., 1995; Delgado & Stefancic, 2017; Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995; Solórzano, 1998).”
Introduction Valuing Lived Experiences and Community Mentorship
Madden, S. (2020) · Utah State University Press eBooks · doi:10.7330/9781607329589.c000 · Cited by 4
A Classroom Survey of Language Teachers’ Discriminatory Practices against Students: Causes, Consequences and Keys
Sa’d, S. H. T., & Eames, O. Q. (2020) · Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.26529/cepsj.541 · Cited by 4
“A good deal of socio-linguistic research has centred on the issue of discrimination, and its subsequent silencing and suppression of students (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001; Litosseliti, 2013; Madrid, 2011; Morley, 2010; Rich & Troudi, 2006; Solórzano, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
Rarely Discussed and Often Ignored: Classroom Factors Affecting Black Students’ Experiences in Developmental Mathematics
Roberts, M. T., & Almeida, D. (2023) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc-2020-0257 · Cited by 5
Letter writing as a Chicana/Latina healing tool: the affordances of a Critical Race Feminista Epistolary Praxis
Escobedo, C. R. (2024) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2024.2318285 · Cited by 5
FilmCrit: using cinematic critical race counterstorytelling as critical race feminista methodology
Lopez, B. Y. (2024) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2024.2338802 · Cited by 4
“FilmCrit stems from critical race theory (CRT) in education, by applying and expanding on the five tenets of CRT in education (delgado et al., 2012; Ladson-Billings, 1998; Solórzano, 1997, 1998; Solorzano & Bernal, 2001).”
Background
Connecting the Dots: Intersectionality across Active Learning, Classroom Climate, and Introductory Computer Science Courses
Tadimalla, S. Y., Maher, M. L., Rorrer, A. S., Dorodchi, M., Mejias, M., & Najjar, N. A. (2025) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3641554.3701930 · Cited by 4
Grow Old With Me! Future Directions of Race, Age, and Place Scholarship
Byrnes, M. E. (2016) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12348 · Cited by 4
Revealing the Resistant Capital of Cambodian Youth: Using Photovoice as a Tool for Advocacy and Policy Change
Papa, E. L. (2019) · Journal of Southeast Asian American Education and Advancement · doi:10.7771/2153-8999.1182 · Cited by 3
“With such a reaction, it seems likely that he had experienced racial or linguistic microaggressions that had devalued his linguistic and cultural knowledge growing up (Solórzano, 1998).”
Background
“IT'S TOO MUCH!”: VICTIMS OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ENCOUNTER THE MOROCCAN STATE
Elliott, K. Ž. (2020) · International Journal Middle East Studies · doi:10.1017/s0020743819000928 · Cited by 4
1 The Trauma of Graduate Education
Godbee, B. (2020) · Utah State University Press eBooks · doi:10.7330/9781607329589.c001 · Cited by 4
You Don’t Get It Babe: Intimate Partner Support Coupled with Racialized Discrimination among Intra-Racial and Inter-Racial Couples
Lipscomb, A. E., & Emeka, M. (2020) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2020.1112114 · Cited by 4
Evoking edupreneurial leadership towards social justice among historically disadvantaged communities
Larey, D. P., Roux, A. L., & Jacobs, L. (2021) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2021.1882700 · Cited by 5
“As noted by Solorzano (1998), the traditional lens of race relations in terms of black and white appears to be too narrow to capture the experiences of other racial/ethnic groups.”
Background
COVID-19 Strikes U.S. Higher Education
Wright-Mair, R., Peters, C., & McAllaster, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Postsecondary Student Success · doi:10.33009/fsop_jpss125542 · Cited by 6
Archaeology for a New Generation: Exploring Education and Intersectionality
Jones, A. (2022) · Archaeologies · doi:10.1007/s11759-022-09440-7 · Cited by 4
“Intersectionality can be used to examine how educational policy and practice subordinate groups of students (Solórzano 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Solorzano, D. G.
Venue: International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1998-01
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 121-136
ISSN: 0951-8398 (ISSN-L)
1366-5898
DOI: 10.1080/095183998236926
OpenAlex: W2087703491
Semantic Scholar: d887770d092b6a5c140900dd285d4259a347b962
Cited by: 1,132
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 8.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: critical race theory, racial microaggressions, gender microaggressions, minority faculty, academic careers, teacher expectations, discrimination in higher education

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Critical race theory, race and gender microaggressions, and the experience of Chicana and Chicano scholars

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