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Critical race theory, race and gender microaggressions, and the experience of Chicana and Chicano scholars
Abstract
Using critical race theory as a framework, this article provides an examination of how racial and gender microaggressions affect the career paths of Chicana and Chicano scholars. This paper reports on open-ended survey and interview data of a purposive sample of six Chicana and six Chicano Ford Foundation Predoctoral, Dissertation, and Postdoctoral Minority Fellows. There are three objectives for this study: (a) to extend and apply a critical race theory to the field of education, (b) to ''recognize,'' ''document,'' and analyze racial and gender microaggressions of Chicana and Chicano scholars, and (c) to ''hear'' the voice of ''discrimination's victims'' by examining the effect of race and gender microaggressions on the lives of Chicana and Chicano scholars. Three patterns of racial and gender microaggressions were found: (a) scholars who felt out of place in the academy because of their race and or gender, (b) scholars who felt their teachers professors had lower expectations for them, and (c) scholars' accounts of subtle and not so subtle racial and gender incidents. The article ends with possible directions for continued critical race theory research with scholars of color.
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“CRT scholars challenge the traditional claims by the education system to objectivity, neutrality, meritocracy, and equal opportunity (Solorzano, 1998).”
From In Pursuit of Antiracist Social Justice: Denaturalizing Whiteness in the Academic Library (2015) · cites this paper as Solorzano, 1998
In the citing paper
“White faculty and students project stereotypes and misconceptions onto students of color, often oblivious to the harm caused by their assumptions.”
From In Pursuit of Antiracist Social Justice: Denaturalizing Whiteness in the Academic Library (2015) · cites this paper as Solorzano, 1998
In the citing paper
“Black students often struggle against the presumption that they are not serious or hard-working (Solorzano et al., 2000;Davis et al., 2004;Solorzano, 1998).”
From In Pursuit of Antiracist Social Justice: Denaturalizing Whiteness in the Academic Library (2015) · cites this paper as Solorzano, 1998
In the citing paper
“In education, the epistemological foundations of CRT include the recognition that racism is central, permanent, and endemic to explaining individual experience in higher education.”
From In Pursuit of Antiracist Social Justice: Denaturalizing Whiteness in the Academic Library (2015) · cites this paper as Solorzano, 1998
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7. Critical Race Theory, Racial Stratification in Education, and Public Health
Flores, A. I., Serrano, T. J. G., & Solórzano, D. G. (2019) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533049ch07 · Cited by 2
Michael, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Educational Administration & History · doi:10.1080/00220620.2020.1724393 · Cited by 2
“I am reminded of scholarship I am engaged in as a novice researcher, utilising critical race theory (Solorzano,1998; Yosso 2005).”
MethodRice, K., & Girvin, H. (2021) · Social Work With Groups · doi:10.1080/01609513.2021.1896164 · Cited by 2
“CRT scholars assume active roles in working toward “eliminating racial oppression as a broad goal of ending all forms of oppression” (Solorzano, 1998).”
BackgroundA critical examination of "expert-like" in physics education research
Phillips, A. M., & O’Donnell, C. (2021) · Physics Education Research Conference (PERC) · doi:10.1119/perc.2021.pr.phillips · Cited by 2
Gonzalez, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2022.2098405 · Cited by 3
““ From what I have read, Latinx students at predominantly white universities absolutely experience racial micro-aggressions (McCabe, 2009; Sol (cid:1) orzano, 1998; Yosso et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSeelman, K. L., Holloway, B. T., MacIntyre, G., & Mynatt, E. D. (2022) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/14733250221143766 · Cited by 5
Intersectional Antiracist Art Inquiry Through Asian American Art
Bae-Dimitriadis, M. S., & Yoon-Ramirez, I. (2023) · Art Education · doi:10.1080/00043125.2022.2131199 · Cited by 2
Sharma, M., & Shannon‐Baker, P. (2023) · International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2023.17205 · Cited by 4
“…students being the “model minority” (Hartlep, 2014), meritocracy (Augoustinos et al., 2005), “colorblindness” and microaggressions (Schofield, 2010; Solórzano, 1998), white privilege (Leonardo, 2004), gentrification (Kozol, 2005), LGBT inclusivity (Clark, 2010; Luecke, 2011), and youth…”
BackgroundMurakami, E. T., & Hernández, F. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-223-420251005 · Cited by 2
Ferree, A. (2018) · USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco) · Cited by 2
School to Deportation Pipeline: Latino Youth Counter-storytelling Narratives
Vega, J. A. R. (2020) · Journal of Latinos and Education · doi:10.1080/15348431.2020.1745642 · Cited by 3
“…a lot of isolation and lack of support when they attend colleges or universities where their funds of knowledge are not valued or when they do not see people who look like them as professors and administrators (García-Louis, 2016;Moll et al., 2009; Pérez, 2014; Pérez Huber, 2009; Solórzano, 1998).”
BackgroundLeaving La Puente: A Critical Race Counterstory of Rural Chicana/Latina College Choice
Puente, M. (2020) · InterActions UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies · doi:10.5070/d4162046029 · Cited by 2
Peters, J. M. (2020) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 2
Robinson, M. N. (2013) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3pk0dr0 · Cited by 2
“…subordination, (b) the challenge to dominant ideology, (c) the commitment to social justice, (d) the centrality of experiential knowledge and (e) a trans-disciplinary perspective (Smith-Maddox & Solorzano, 2002; Solorzano, 1997; Solorzano, 1998; Solorzano & Bernal, 2001; Solorzano & Yosso, 2002).”
BackgroundMungo, M. H. (2015) · Human Biology · Cited by 2
Hendricks, J. T. (2014) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 2
The (Un)Success of American Indian Gates Millennium Scholars Within Institutions of Higher Education
Youngbull, N. R. (2017) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 2
Lawyer, R. G. (2017) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00131946.2017.1334656 · Cited by 2
“…scholars from both frameworks (e.g., CRT: Crenshaw, 1989, 1993—intersectionality; Crenshaw, Gotanda, Peller, and Thomas, 1995—CRT movement formation; Solorzano, 1998—CRT and Chicana/o scholars: Solorzano and Bernal, 2001—CRT and LatCrit frameworks; Ladson-Billings, 1998, 1999, 2006, 2009—CRT and…”
Anyon, Y. (2012) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 2
Dunbar, A. W., Corble, A. R., Howard, N. M., Birch, S., Centeno, V., & Shabrack, A. D. (2022) · Education for Information · doi:10.3233/efi-220059 · Cited by 3
“…and made significant impact in education studies and a range of sociological and related disciplines (Annamma et al., 2013; Brayboy, 2005; Collins, 1989, 2015; Leung & López-McKnight, 2020; Smith et al., 2011; Solorzano, 1998; Solorzano & Huber, 2020; Solorzano & Yosso, 2001; Valdes, 1999).”
BackgroundTorino, G. C. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0310 · Cited by 3
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Flagler, M. (2019) · Youth Theatre Journal · doi:10.1080/08929092.2019.1688213 · Cited by 1
““Draw[ing] explicitly on the lived experiences of People of Color by including such methods as storytelling, family histories, biographies, scenarios, parables, cuentos, testimonios, chronicles and narratives,” (Yosso 2005, 74) is one way CRT scholars work to transform education (Bernal 2001, 2002; Cuevas 2016; Elenes…”
BackgroundInfluentialChu, M., Vélez, V. N., & Torres, D. P. (2023) · Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/10901027.2023.2257145 · Cited by 1
“…in and out of the classroom, a LatCrit approach in education employs the following five elements that frame its methodological use within research (Solorzano, 1998; Solorzano & Delgado Bernal, 2001): (1) The intercentricity of race and racism with other forms of subordination (2) The challenge to…”
BackgroundMethodMicroagressões no contexto de ensino e aprendizagem da matemática
da Silva, G. H. G., Lautert, S. L., Carmo, J. D. S., dos Santos, E. M., & dos Santos, D. E. L. (2023) · Educação Matemática Pesquisa Revista do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Educação Matemática · doi:10.23925/1983-3156.2023v25ip283-304 · Cited by 1
Rodriguez-Strawn, D., & Apodaca, E. C. (2023) · Journal of Latinos and Education · doi:10.1080/15348431.2023.2274850 · Cited by 1
“There are studies that offer insight into challenges Latina doctoral students face, but almost all of this research includes Latino doctoral students and/or all women of color and is not exclusively examining the Latina doctoral experience (e.g., Gonzalez, 2001; Solórzano, 1993, Solórzano, 1998).”
Suh, E. K., Posadas, B. E., Fuller, H., Cruz, M., & Andrade, J. I. D. C. (2023) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/15210251231222202 · Cited by 1
“…focus of most analyses, and insists on analyzing race and racism in education by placing them in both a historical and contemporary context ” (Solórzano, 1998, p. 123), transfer-receptive culture is a conceptual model which emphasizes the “ dual commitment between both the sending and…”
“Re-Hooking” in the Field: Negotiating Power, Privilege, and Whiteness in Qualitative Inquiry
Kraemer-Holland, A. (2024) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069241226812 · Cited by 2
“More egalitarian practices of testimonios and cultural intuition to illuminate participants ’ stories of bilin-gualism, schooling, and education eluded me (Hamilton, 2019; Solórzano, 1998).”
The Experience of Mexican-Heritage Im/migrant Students in Rural Idaho
Buitrón, E. G. (2024) · Departures in Critical Qualitative Research · doi:10.1525/dcqr.2024.13.2.53 · Cited by 1
“In My World, No One’s Got a Job with an Australian Company”
Piller, I., Butorac, D., Farrell, E., Lising, L., Motaghi-Tabari, S., & Tetteh, V. W. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190084288.003.0003 · Cited by 1
Maldonado-Torres, N. G. E., Vieira, F. A., & Cassiano, T. C. D. S. A. (2024) · Fronteiras Revista Catarinense de História · doi:10.36661/2238-9717.2024n44.14641 · Cited by 1
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Bancroft, S. F. (2025) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21952 · Cited by 1
Arroyo, D. R. (2025) · Journal of Latinos and Education · doi:10.1080/15348431.2025.2477498 · Cited by 3
“CRT argues that racism in schools prohibits the educational advancements of Students of Color due to the persistent educational institutions, policies, and practices that discriminate and marginalize students based on race (Solórzano, 1998; Delgado; Bernal, 2002).”
Jayakumar, U. M. (2025) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737241304405 · Cited by 1
“…of the organization, establishing, for example, the cumulative harms of mundane extreme environmental stress (Carroll, 1998), racial microaggressions (Pierce, 1977; Solórzano, 1998; Sue et al., 2008), and the toll of racial battle fatigue on BIPOC mental health and well-being (Smith et al., 2007).”
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Ortega, G., & Liera, R. (2025) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584251356500 · Cited by 1
“However, Postdocs of Color are not provided the same level of access to quality mentorship as white postdocs (D. G. Solórzano, 1998).”
InfluentialToward QuantCrit: Advancing Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Health Equity Research
Sun, S., Alexander, E. M., & Hudson, D. (2025) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/738108 · Cited by 1
Gardner, P. J., Abdelghaffar, A., Baba, L. M., Castro-Pavón, K., Garrett, A., & Chang, A. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2025.2571486 · Cited by 1
Excavating the Methodological Terrains of Life Writing
Shelby‐Caffey, C., Abril‐Gonzalez, P., & Pérez, M. S. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-038-220251006 · Cited by 1
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Patton, L. D., Haynes, C., Stewart, S., & Ivery, S. M. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-766-420251016 · Cited by 1
Texting, Tweeting, and Talking Back to Power
Tanksley, T. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-218-020251015 · Cited by 1
Erwin, C., López, N., Torres-Velásquez, E. D., & Wise, C. (2026) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci15010033 · Cited by 1
“Although conceptual and qualitative work on intersectionality in education is extensive (Castro and Cortez 2017; Covarrubias and Vélez 2013; Fernández 2002; López 2003; Lynn and Dixson 2013; Pérez Huber 2010; Solórzano 1998), quantitative applications remain comparatively scarce.”
Kim, A., & Vázquez, S. (2026) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/01614681261424150 · Cited by 1
“Yet , disciplines claiming a social justice mission often fail to adequately support students of color (Brunsma et al., 2017; Solorzano, 1998), which directly calls out the hypocrisy of what our institutions claim to stand for.”
Huber, L. P., Fitch, C. A., & Navarro, O. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16030463 · Cited by 1
Patrón, O. E., & Flores, O. J. (2026) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543261423950 · Cited by 2
Disrupting whiteness in early childhood teacher preparation
Cho, J., & Gill, N. (2026) · Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/10901027.2026.2656812 · Cited by 1
“Education scholars use CRT to examine how racism is embedded in educational policies, practices, and professional norms, and how experiential knowledge can challenge dominant narratives and advance social transformation (Solórzano, 1998; Solórzano & Yosso, 2002).”
Latina high school students’ experience of racialized school climates
Donoso, R., & Gaytán, M. S. (2026) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2026.2652258 · Cited by 1
Lee, M., & Hopps, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1805040 · Cited by 1
Ledesma, M. C. (2004) · InterActions UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies · doi:10.5070/d411000530 · Cited by 1
He, M. F., Sapp, J., Bryant, E. C., Botelho, M. J., Eng, B. C., Dejean, W. F., & Aguilar, J. (2009) · Multicultural Perspectives · doi:10.1080/15210960902717718 · Cited by 1
Saldaña, L. P. (2013) · Association of Mexican American Educators Journal · Cited by 1
Martinez, M. G. (2016) · Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis · doi:10.31274/jctp-180810-57 · Cited by 1
“They force us to recognize and address the lives of students of color who are often the objects of educational research, but yet are often absent from or silenced within academic discourse (Delgado, 1989; Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995; Solórzano, 1998).”
BackgroundNUESTRAS VOCES RESISTEN: EXPERIENCES OF CHICANAS/LATINAS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST By
García, C. T. (2009) · Cited by 1
Moore, L. R. (2016) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Nyasuma, N. M. (2012) · Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) · doi:10.13016/m2183450r · Cited by 1
Implementing Black Male Initiative Programs
Johnson, S., Conley, M., & Pope, M. L. (2016) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0209-8.ch002 · Cited by 1
Ed.D., R., & Theresa, R. (2016) · Cited by 1
Trust, Play, and Intersubjectivity
Hinsdale, M. J. (2014) · Philosophy of education · doi:10.47925/2014.119 · Cited by 1
Ngunjiri, F. W., & Hernandez, K.-A. C. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316477106.017 · Cited by 1
Davids, M. N. (2018) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934718764094 · Cited by 1
“Critical race theory challenges dominant discourses on race and racism as they relate to education by examining how theory, policy, and practice are used to subordinate certain racial and ethnic groups (Solorzano, 1998, p. 122).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Assistant Principal’s Duties, Training, and Challenges
Nieuwenhuizen, L., & Brooks, J. S. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-223-420251010 · Cited by 1
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Rodgers, S. T., Bayne, G. U., & Archimandritis, J. (2021) · Journal of Latinos and Education · doi:10.1080/15348431.2021.1935259 · Cited by 1
“LatCrit was developed as a response to the multidimensional impact of dominant constructions and narratives that frame race in the lives of Latinx individuals (Delgado-Bernal, 2002; Solórzano, 1998; Solórzano & Yosso, 2001; Yosso, 2005, 2006).”
BackgroundRacial Socialization and Multicultural Education of Asian Families in the United States
Kong, P. A., Zhang, X., Sachdev, A., Dzotsenidze, N., & Yu, X. (2021) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7649-6.ch003 · Cited by 1
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“For example, we see racism on display in educators’ implicit biases and deficits-oriented mentalities about racial/ethnic minority students’ capacity and potential (Solórzano, 1998; Sue, 2010).”
BackgroundHug, S. T., & Chi, W. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--34432 · Cited by 1
“Critical race theory, extending the framework to focus on race and racism, has five tenets instrumental in conducting educational research, as described by Solórzano (1997, 1998): 1.”
BackgroundEducation in the United States: Is it a Black Problem?
Comeaux, E., & Jayakumar, U. M. (2006) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-006-0031-9 · Cited by 1
Mena, A. F., Parker, L., & Ortiz, S. (2022) · Journal of Latinos and Education · doi:10.1080/15348431.2022.2104850 · Cited by 1
“…microaggressions, to self-segregation of communities of interest, the value of community cultural wealth, and campus and Latina/o/x community activism (Delgado Bernal, 2001; Gloria & Castellanos, 2012; Gonzalez, 2013; Pérez, 2014; Pérez Huber, 2009; Solórzano, 1998; Villalpando, 2003; Yosso, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodShen, L. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1444119 · Cited by 1
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Takamine, K. S., Jun, A., Collins, C. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of College and Character · doi:10.1080/2194587x.2022.2157443 · Cited by 1
“Deficit thinking blames the marginalized individuals for their lack of career advancement, ignoring microaggressions, implicit bias, and systemic racism (Solórzano, 1998).”
BackgroundColeman, S. (2023) · Religion & Education · doi:10.1080/15507394.2023.2263342 · Cited by 1
“Daniel Solorzano (1997, 1998) identified three tenets of Critical Race Theory that can inform theory, research pedagogy, classroom curriculum, and policies: the permanence of racism; the challenge to dominant ideology; and the centrality of experiential knowledge.”
Background“I’ma put the lil homies on next”: mixtape methodology and mapping Black men’s college experiences
Livingston, D. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1186606 · Cited by 1
Structural Microaggressions for Explaining Outcome Gaps
Akagi, M. (2023) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1017/psa.2023.137 · Cited by 1
“…projects of better understanding the nature and variety of hermeneutical microaggressions or of constructing anti-oppressive phenomenologies (e.g. Solorzano 1998; Pérez Huber and Solorzano 2015; Freeman and Stewart 2018), or the ethical project of correctly assigning responsibility and blame for…”
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Fematt, V. L., & Ramirez, J. C. (2024) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2024.2394071 · Cited by 1
Microaggressions in Engineering Education: Targets, Perpetrators, and Where They Happen
Feinstein, S. G., Nelson, T. N. T., Poleacovschi, C., & Smith, K. (2024) · Journal of Civil Engineering Education · doi:10.1061/jceecd.eieng-2164 · Cited by 2
The Image of Africa and Black Africans through the Translations of Heart of Darkness
Acar, A. (2024) · African and Asian Studies · doi:10.1163/15692108-bja10046 · Cited by 1
Jang, S. T., & Lee, J. (2025) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737251320340 · Cited by 1
“Finally, structural barriers (i.e., racism) in society and racialized discrimination in schools (Bell, 1995, 2008; Ladson-Billings, 1999; Solórzano, 1998) are significant contextual factors that affect the hypothesized link between principal evaluation systems and the experiences of Black and…”
Alemán, E., Aguilera, E. ‘., & Knecht, L. M. (2025) · Journal of Educational Administration & History · doi:10.1080/00220620.2025.2490587 · Cited by 1
“…leadership is in fl uenced and inspired by scholar activists in education broadly (Bell 1991; Delgado Bernal 1998; Freire 2018; Ladson-Billings 1995; Solórzano 1998; Yosso 2005), and within the fi eld of educational leadership speci fi cally (Khalifa 2024; Radd et al. 2021; Rivera-McCutchen 2014).”
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First-Generation, Pretenure Faculty of Color
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The Politics of Nativism in U.S. Public Education
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Torne, J. (2013) · USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco) · Cited by 1
Globalization and Diversity – from local quality to global Inspiration
Sabelis, I. H. J., Kamsteeg, F. H., & Wels, H. (2012) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783845236476-241 · Cited by 1
Peripheral No More: Repositioning Narratives for Empowerment and Change in Sustainability Education
Ohlson, R. G. (2015) · PDXScholar (Portland State University) · Cited by 1
Haughton, G. M. (2016) · International Research in Higher Education · doi:10.5430/irhe.v1n2p215 · Cited by 1
Hood, G., Hutcheson, P., Benson, A., Bray, N., Davis, L., Pryce, J., & University of Alabama. Dept. of Educational Leadership, P. (2014) · W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library Manuscript Collections · Cited by 1
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Wasting Talent: Using Counter-Storytelling to Narrate Dismal Educational Outcomes
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“Thus, he anglicized his name to “Joe” in hopes of reducing racial microagressions (Solórzano, 1998; Yosso, Smith, Ceja, & Solorzano, 2009) and to avoid future judgment, mispronunciations, and humiliation, as many people with “non-American”-sounding names often do (Kohli & Solórzano, 2012).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Solorzano, D. G.
- Venue
- International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1998-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 121-136
- ISSN
- 0951-8398 (ISSN-L)
- 1366-5898
- OpenAlex
- W2087703491
- Semantic Scholar
- d887770d092b6a5c140900dd285d4259a347b962
- Cited by
- 1,132
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 8.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- critical race theory, racial microaggressions, gender microaggressions, minority faculty, academic careers, teacher expectations, discrimination in higher education
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