Critical race theory, race and gender microaggressions, and the experience of Chicana and Chicano scholars

“including Black and Hispanic girls, may experience more biases in science classrooms than those already faced by White girls (Britner & Pajares, 2006; Hill et al., 2010; Schwartz et al., 2003; Solorzano, 1998).”

“This study employs a framework that brings together Chicana Feminist Epistemology (CFE, Delgado Bernal, 1998), Critical Race Theory (CRT, Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995), and Latino Critical Race Theory (LatCrit, Solórzano, 1998; Solórzano & Yosso, 2001).”

“We know this is not the case (Glenn, 2012; Lugo-Lugo, 2012; Sol orzano, 1998; V~o, 2012).”

“He presented a strong example that “(f)eeling and/or being made to feel out of place in an institution can be viewed as a subtle form of race, class, and/or gender discrimination” (Solórzano, 1998, p. 128).”

“Critical race theory demonstrates how power is maintained in institutions in ways that marginalize People of Color and construct Whiteness as a standard (Delgado & Stefancic, 2012), and has been used by researchers to demonstrate how such dynamics are expressed in higher education at PWIs for Black students (Solórzano…”

“Microaggression refers to diverse discriminatory acts that are incessant, often gratuitous, and subtle offenses to certain categories of human beings because of their ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, or disability (Davis 1989; Solorzano 1998; Sue et al. 2007).”

“…assertion that we must focus on those spaces where race intersects with other identities because, as is often pointed out, the lives of women of color are both quantitatively and qualitatively different from those of men of color, of white women, or of white men (Solórzano 1998; Wing 1997).”

“…education that highlights the permanence of racism and the creation and maintenance of structural inequalities experienced by people of color throughout the educational pipeline (Ladson-Billings, 1998; LadsonBillings & Tate, 1995; Ledesma & Calderón, 2015; Parker & Stovall, 2004; Solorzano, 1998).”

“…Espino 2012; Griffin, Ward, and Phillips 2014); critique institution diversity policies (Aguirre 2000; Donahoo 2008); analyze intersections of race, class, and gender among faculty (Sulé 2014; Solorzano 1998); and document the racial climate in universities (Harper 2012; Orelus 2013; Pittman 2012).”

“Solórzano (1998) claims, CRT “in education challenges the dominant discourse on race and racism as they relate to education by examining how educational theory, policy, and practice are used to subordinate certain racial and ethnic groups” (p. 122).”

“The fifth tenet calls for researchers to use an interdisciplinary perspective, to include the “historical and contemporary context” when considering racism and other forms of subordination (Solórzano, 1998).”

“Daniel Solorzano (1998) has outlined the five tenets of Critical Race Theory in Education that undergird education research, practice, and policy: first, race and racism must be understood through the lenses of intersectionality and intercentricity.”

“…ideology claiming racial objectivity, meritocracy, colorblindness, and equal opportunity; (3) commitment to social justice and racial emancipation; (4) recognition of the strength of experiential knowledge of people of color; and (5) utilization of a transdisciplinary perspective (Solorzano, 1998).”

“Even with the growing body of literature that documents microaggressions generally (or microassaults, microinvalidations, or microinsults specifically), scholars encourage continued work on microaggressions as a means to promote understanding, awareness, and/or structural changes within the academy (Pittman, 2012; Sol…”

“CRT in education challenges “traditional claims of the educational system and its institutions to objectivity, meritocracy, color and gender blindness, race and gender neutrality, and equal opportunity” (Solórzano, 1998, p. 122).”

“Solórzano (1998) identified commitment to social justice—that is, the elimination of racial oppression as part of the broader social justice agenda to end all forms of oppression and subordination of people, as a CRT tenet, applicable to the field of educational leadership.”

“Moreover, in scholarship focusing on Latina/o teachers, participants have also reported racialized tension in schools, including experiences of racial microaggressions at the hand of White colleagues (Liou & Rojas, 2016; Solórzano, 1998).”

“Solórzano (1998) defines critical race theory in education as “a framework or set of basic perspectives, methods, and pedagogy that seeks to identify, analyze, and transform those structural, cultural, and interpersonal aspects of education that maintain the subordination of scholars of color” (p.…”

“However, instead of disengaging from the educational environment, he chose to “prove them wrong” being motivated to perform even better (Solorzano 1998).”

“…(e.g., student experiences) and institutional/socio-structural macro concerns (e.g., dominant ideologies, structural inequalities) (Delgado Bernal & Villalpando, 2002; Love, 2004; RopersHuilman & Taliaferro, 2003; Ropers-Huilman & Winters, 2011; Solórzano, 1998; Solórzano & Yosso, 2001, 2002).”

“Critical race theory in education is guided by five tenets: 1) the centrality and intersectionality of race and racism; 2) challenging dominant ideologies and deficit perspectives; 3) the centrality of experiential knowledge; 4) interdisciplinary analyses; and 5) a commitment to social justice (Solórzano 1998). The fi…”

“CRT, with deep roots in the work of legal scholars, seeks to eliminate subordination by examining how dominant ideologies of race and racism shape theory, policy, and practice (Solórzano, 1998).”

“The fifth tenet, the interdisciplinary perspective, centers the use of an interdisciplinary approach to educational issues (Sol orzano, 1998).”

“As is clear from Williams (2020a, 2020b) and other microaggression researchers (Solórzano, 1998; Sue et al., 2007), the starting assumption is one of a racist society.”

“In particular, critical race theory frames womanism as a construct that allows WOC to place sexist experiences within an historical and cultural context, providing women with the knowledge to deconstruct sexist experiences (Solórazano 1998).”

“Finally, students of Color routinely contend with racial microaggressions or subtle racially based oversights and insults, including: being presumed to have attended inferior educational institutions prior to graduate school enrollment, being mistaken for other students of Color in the program, and being expected to b…”

“In countries like the United States, where research on the issues of race has taken place for sometime, the lowering of teachers’ expectations to compensate for the differences in minority pupils is perceived as a form of racism (Davis, 2003; Solórzano, 1998).”

“(Solorzano, 1998).”

“Drawing from critical race theory (Solórzano, 1998), Yosso’s theory of community cultural wealth moves from the margins to center, the knowledges, practices and resources of Communities of Color to challenge assumptions that our Communities are lacking or in need of remediation.”

“), and place them in historical and contemporary contexts (Lynn & Parker, 2006; Solórzano, 1998; Yosso et al., 2004).”

“…1997; Valdes, 1998; Wildman, 1995); affirmative action (Allen & Solórzano, 2001; Russell, 1995); education (Allen & Solórzano, 2001; Dyson, 1990; Solórzano, 1998; Solórzano et al., 2000; Valdes, 1998); psychology and psychiatry (Delgado, 1982; Franklin & Boyd-Franklin, 2000; Hardy & Laszloffy,…”

“In educational research, CRT has been a key tool to examine the perpetuation of inequities and challenge “race-neutral” policies and practices (Roithmayr, 1999, p. 4).”

“This approach fits well with CRT’s value of giving voice to people of color as a way to communicate the realities of oppression (Solórzano, 1998).”

“After choosing a STEM major, the participants experienced various academic and interpersonal invalidations or microaggressions (Solórzano, 1998), which made them question whether they belonged in STEM.”

“According to Solórzano (1998) critical race theory is ‘an evolving methodological, conceptual, and theoretical construct that attempts to disrupt racism and dominant racial paradigms in education’ (as cited in Buenavista et al. 2009, 71).”

“Such microaggressive assaults are persistent and cumulative in schools and society (Solorzano 1998).”

“Taken together, our study builds on LSJ by drawing on CRT in general, and it calls on interest convergence, cultural intuition, and community cultural wealth in particular to explore race, power, and privilege more deeply.”

“In addition, the ‘‘institutional racism’’ explanation reveals that unequal access to resources (Duncan and Jackson, 2004; Kozol, 1991; McDonough, 1997; McDonough, Kon, and Yamasaki, 1997; Oakes, 1985), less qualified teachers (Howard, unpublished), lower expectations, deteriorating schools (Kozol, 1991), and racial mi…”

“…experienced by African-American (Solórzano, Ceja, and Yosso 2000; Sue, Capodilupo, Holder, et al. 2008), Asian-American (Ong et al. 2013; Sue, Bucceri, et al. 2009), and Latinx/Chicanx (Solórzano 1998; Yosso, et al. 2009) student experiences in higher education and K-12 (Kohli and Solórzano 2012).”

“In 1998, Solórzano conducted the first empirical study on racial microaggressions in education, examining the types of racial microaggressions experienced by Chicana and Chicano postdoctoral scholars in academia (Solórzano 1998).”

“examining the environmental factors that may privilege certain groups and marginalize others (Solórzano, 1998).”

“As aforementioned, the case study illustrates the benefits and challenges of a PAR project on the understudied topics of race-, gender-, and sexuality-based microaggressions (Pierce, 1970; Solórzano, 1998; Sue, 2010) and their intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1989) among an undergraduate population at a residential instit…”

“While some authors have begun to integrate critical race theory (e.g., Delgado & Stefancic, 2001; Solórzano, 1998) with self­authorship theory (e.”

“Scholars have expanded on Pierce’s research to address how African Americans are experiencing and responding to racial microlevel aggressions within and beyond the academy (see Carroll, 1998; Smith, 2004; Solórzano, 1998; Solórzano, Ceja, & Yosso, 2000).”

“We have also employed CRT, whose primary purpose is to reveal the way racism operates systematically and conceals itself in current practices and customs (Bell 1980; Ladson-Billings 1998; Sleeter 2012; Delgado Bernal 2002; James 2009).”

“What sets CRT a part as a unique theoretical tradition is its centering of experiential knowledge in its analysis of race-based power relations (Sol orzano, 1998; Yosso, 2005).”

“Originated in the legal field (Bell, 1976, 1980, 1992; Crenshaw, 2002; Delgado, 1996, 2003; Delgado & Stefancic, 1995), CRT has crossed and been used in many disciplines, such as education and ethnic studies, among others, to examine the effects of the social construction of race on People of Color (Gillborn, 2008; La…”

“Whereas previous studies addressed doctoral students’ and established academics’ experiences in academia (Ek et al., 2010; Gandara, 1995; Solorzano, 1998), this study aims to bridge the relationship between multiethnic coursework and effective mentoring practices in Latina/o academics’ success in academia.”

“We extend our framework to include critical race theory (CRT) to affirm racism as a norm of institutional functioning and utilize its foundational purpose of challenging dominant White narratives (Ladson-Billings, 2016; Solórzano, 1998).”

“Solórzano (1998) identified five key tenets of CRT that can be applied to inform educational theory, research, pedagogy and policy.”

“Solórzano (1998) was among the first to adapt Pierce’s work to the study of higher education.”

“Solórzano (1998) posits that while race and racism are at the centre of a critical race analysis, they are also viewed at their intersection with other forms of subordination such as gender and class discrimination.”

“George Spindler discusses the ``enduring self,’’ the ``situated self’’ and the ``endangered self’’ in a variety of contexts in order to pursue the changes in selfidentity (2000). These identities, however, are conceived as sequential and for the most part compatible and coherent in response to di€ erent living environ…”

“According to Daniel Solorzano (1998), “CRT recognizes that the experiential knowledge of women and men of color is legitimate, appropriate, and critical to understanding, analyzing, and teaching about racial subordination in the field of education” (p. 122).”

“…since its inception (Bell, 1980a, 1980b, 1987, 1992, 2004; Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, 2005; Dixson & Rousseau Anderson, 2018; Dixson & Rousseau, 2005; Ladson-Billings, 2005; Lynn & Dixson, 2013; Parker & Lynn, 2002; Solorzano, 1998; Solorzano & Yosso, 2002; Tate, 1997; Vaught & Castagno, 2008).”

“…be associated with fields that study racial disparities or systemic oppression such as law (Crenshaw, 2011; Crosby, 2016; Delgado & Stefancic, 1993), education (Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995; Solórzano, 1998; Vargas et al., 2021), and ethnic studies (Gold, 2016; Rabaka, 2007; Yosso & García, 2007).”

“Critical race theory within the field of education has become an evolving methodological, conceptual, and theoretical construct that seeks to disrupt racism and other forms of oppression in educational theory and practice (Solorzano, 1998).”