The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Retinoids: a journey from the molecular structures and mechanisms of action to clinical uses in dermatology and adverse effects
Abstract
Retinoids are a class of compounds derived from vitamin A or having structural and/or functional similarities with vitamin A. They are classified into three generations based on their molecular structures. Inside the body, retinoids bind to several classes of proteins including retinoid-binding proteins and retinoid nuclear receptors. This eventually leads to the activation of specific regulatory regions of DNA - called the retinoic acid response elements - involved in regulating cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Several clinical trials have studied the role of topical and systemic retinoids in disease, and research is still ongoing. Currently, retinoids are used in several fields of medicine. This paper aims to review the structure, mechanisms of action, and adverse effects of retinoids, as well as some of their current uses in Dermatology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Topically applied retinoids penetrate the keratinized epidermis and, to a lesser extent, the dermis and subcutaneous tissue [27,30,35].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Retinoids also affect the thickness and color of the skin, regulate the function of the sebaceous glands, and limit sebum production, as well as being responsible for hair and nail growth, and also influencing the distribution of melanin in the skin [27,30,35].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
Cites
Overview of retinoid metabolism and function
Blomhoff, R., & Blomhoff, H. K. (2006) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.20242 · Cited by 981
Gollnick, H. P. M., Cunliffe, W. J., Berson, D. S., Dréno, B., Finlay, A. Y., Leyden, J. J., Shalita, A. R., & Thiboutot, D. M. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1067/mjd.2003.618 · Cited by 818
Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes
Bastien, J., & Rochette-Egly, C. (2004) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.005 · Cited by 773
Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety
Mukherjee, S., Date, A., Patravale, V., Korting, H. C., Roeder, A., & Weindl, G. (2006) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327 · Cited by 580
Retinoid-binding proteins: mediators of retinoid action
NOY, N. (2000) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3480481 · Cited by 422
Retinoid pathway and cancer therapeutics
Bushue, N., & Wan, Y. Y. (2010) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2010.07.003 · Cited by 385
Mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids
Harrison, E. H. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.002 · Cited by 365
The use of isotretinoin in acne
Layton, A. (2009) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.1.3.9364 · Cited by 314
Retinoic Acid and Affective Disorders
Bremner, J. D., Shearer, K., & McCaffery, P. J. A. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10r05993 · Cited by 196
Cooper, S. M., & BURGE, S. M. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · doi:10.2165/00128071-200304020-00003 · Cited by 193
Research works printed but not linked: 19
- unningham FG., 2014, Williams Obstetrics
- Leyden JJ, 2002, Cutis, 69, 12
- Webster GF, 2001, Cutis, 67, 4
- Cunliffe WJ, 2002, Eur J Dermatol: EJD, 12, 350
- Thiboutot D, 2001, Cutis, 68, 10
- Leyden J, 2001, Cutis, 67, 10
- Thiboutot D, 2008, J Drugs Dermatol, 7, S3
- Pariser D, 2008, J Drugs Dermatol, 7, S18
- Shalita AMB, 2004, J Drugs Dermatol, 153
- Webster GF, 2002, Cutis, 69, 4
- Kunynetz RA., 2004, Skin Ther Lett, 9, 1
- Chang AL, 2012, J Drugs Dermatol, 11, 333
- Park H, 2011, J Clin Aesth Dermatol, 4, 54
- Wolff M, 2016, J Clin Aesthet Dermatol, 9, 44
- Solak B, 2015, BMJ Case Rep, 2015
- Dogan S, 2011, Acta Dermatovenerol Croat, 19, 206
- Samuel M, 2005, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001782
- De Graaf YG, 2004, Dermatol Surg: Off Publication for Am Soc Dermatol Surg [Et Al], 30, 656
- 10.1097/00042560-199911010-00004 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–217 of 217
Jarczewska, K., Kopeć, M., & Surmacki, J. M. (2025) · Microchimica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00604-025-07571-6
Xia, X., Zhou, X., Ma, Z., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47100861
Isotretinoin in Refractory Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis (CARP): A Case Series
Patel, S. S., Nieman, E. L., McShane, D. B., & Morrell, D. S. (2026) · Journal of Dermatology Research · doi:10.46889/jdr.2026.7101
Efe, O. E., Efe, E., Aydıngöz, S. E., & Tufan, A. C. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2025-0266
Potential Antifungal Activity of Retinoids Against Non-albicans Candida Species
Cosio, T., Pistoia, E. S., Pica, F., Orlandi, A., Campione, E., & Gaziano, R. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14040759
Stratégie de prévention de la maladie d'Alzheimer : Étude du rôle de la vitamine A
Biyong, E. F. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e2ddd5cfz49a1z4980z8c8bzb97b1707e8df
Photoisomerization of Borylated Alkenes and Dienes
Kweon, B., Messara, A., & Gilmour, R. (2026) · Synthesis · doi:10.1055/a-2851-3972
Topical Retinoids in Acne Vulgaris and Acne Scars—From Monotherapy to Combining Regimens
Tobiasz, A., Jankowska‐Konsur, A., & Nowicka, D. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19040620
DGAT1 regulates keratinocyte proliferation through the modulation of retinoid homeostasis
Kwiecień, K., Bryniarska, N., Morytko, A., Uchańska, A., Pastuszczak, M., Migaczewski, M., Cichy, J., & Kwiecińska, P. (2026) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-026-01196-w
Retinoid dynamics in immune cells during age-related diseases
Wang, Y., Muslihah, A. T., Fu, M., Dong, X., & Fu, Y. L. (2026) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2026.07.001
Pham, A. T., Farhangian, M. E., Beshir, J. T., & Liaqat, M. (2026) · Updates in clinical dermatology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-24862-6_22
Adler, R., Cohen, M., Feig, J. L., & Jagdeo, J. R. (2026) · Dermatologic Surgery · doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000005258
Alrubaiaan, M. T., Alajlani, A. H., Alwatban, R., Alkadi, A. N., Alkhodairy, H. F., Alalwan, F. M., Rashid, S. W. B., & Alajroush, W. (2026) · Dermatology Practical & Conceptual · doi:10.5826/dpc.1603a7403
Tobiasz, A., Gawin-Mikołajewicz, A., Wach, K., Jankowska‐Konsur, A., Karolewicz, B., & Nowicka, D. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19081247
Jabeen, A., Javeed, T., Jan, N., Sofi, S., Masoodi, G., Ahanger, S. A., & Mir, M. A. (2026) · Clinical & Translational Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12094-026-04540-0
Abbott, K. S., Kruoch, Z., Pucker, A. D., Tichenor, A. A., Orgill, M., Anderson, B., Olsen, E., Dusek, J., Shaughnessy, D. P., Naaman, K., et al. (2026) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.67.11.11
Kömür, M., Altınkaynak, H., Kutlugün, C., & Sayın, O. (2026) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-026-04279-1
Metadata
- Authors
- Khalil, S., Bardawil, T., Stephan, C., Darwiche, N., Abbas, O., Kibbi, A. G., Nemer, G., & Kurban, M.
- Affiliations
- American University of Beirut (LB)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kurban, Mazen
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Dermatological Treatment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-04-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 684-696
- ISSN
- 0954-6634 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-1753
- OpenAlex
- W2603105847
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Dermatological Treatment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Keywords
- retinoids, vitamin A derivatives, retinoid-binding proteins, retinoic acid response element, cell differentiation, apoptosis, topical retinoids, systemic retinoids, adverse effects, dermatological applications
- MeSH terms
- Acne Vulgaris, Administration, Topical, Bacterial Infections, Humans, Psoriasis, Retinoids, Retinol-Binding Proteins, Skin Diseases, Vitamin A, Xerophthalmia, Receptors, Retinoic Acid, Retinoid X Receptors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review