The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Construction of gender: a comparison of Australian and Hong Kong English language textbooks
Abstract
This article examines whether the later development of awareness of gender issues in Hong Kong compared to Australia is reflected in patterns of gender representation in the English language textbooks published in these two places. A comparison of 10 currently-used Australian books with 10 Hong Kong books revealed that such awareness has impacted most on the use of gender-inclusive terms and symmetrical phrases in both places. The Australian writers tended to use generic they while their Hong Kong counterparts preferred either the coordination he or she or ‘generic’ he. Both sets of writers maintained the convention of male-first presentation, depicted women in a more limited range of social roles, and presented stereotyped images of women as weaker and more passive than men, and as operating primarily within domestic domains. The visual representations also reinforced traditional gendered roles. Hong Kong textbook writers, nevertheless, paid more heed to the inclusion of females visually. Controversy persists over whether textbook writers should reflect reality or whether they should lead social change and strive for gender equality.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Even for Malaysia our result show males favoring extroverted personality traits while females as introvert and passive, a finding that is consistent with past studies [27,80,84,99,109].”
From Gender stereotypes and education: A comparative content analysis of Malaysian, Indonesian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi school textbooks (2018) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“In the textbooks, women are often found to be portrayed as weak, victimized, passive and subordinate [60,70,84,99,109]. On the other hand, the image of male characters reflects quite the opposite personality; as they are portrayed as bold, brave and active agents in society.”
From Gender stereotypes and education: A comparative content analysis of Malaysian, Indonesian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi school textbooks (2018) · cites this paper as [99]
Citations
Cites
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
Fowler, H. W., & Crystal, D. (1926) · Notes and Queries · doi:10.1093/nq/cli.jul10.35c · Cited by 484
The Australian Mathematics Teacher
(1945) · The Mathematical Gazette · doi:10.1017/s0025557200205354 · Cited by 435
Cultural and Economic Reproduction in Education
Levin, H. M., & Apple, M. W. (1982) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.2307/3323666 · Cited by 317
Sexism in Current ESL Textbooks
Porreca, K. L. (1984) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586584 · Cited by 278
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
Strang, B. M. H., & Fowler, H. W. (1966) · The Modern Language Review · doi:10.2307/3720758 · Cited by 245
Gender Representation in Notable Children's Picture Books: 1995–1999
Gooden, A. M., & Gooden, M. A. (2001) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1013064418674 · Cited by 216
Youdell, D. (2005) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540250500145148 · Cited by 216
Peterson, S. B., & Lach, M. A. (1990) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/0954025900020204 · Cited by 196
Hartman, P. L., & Judd, E. L. (1978) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586137 · Cited by 190
Evans, L., & Davies, K. (2000) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1007043323906 · Cited by 154
Using masculine generics: Does generic he increase male bias in the user's imagery?
Hamilton, M. C. (1988) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00288993 · Cited by 124
From Bias “In the Text” to “Teacher Talk around the Text”
Sunderland, J., Cowley, M., Abdul Rahim, F., Leontzakou, C., & Shattuck, J. (2000) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/s0898-5898(00)00034-6 · Cited by 114
Hellinger, M. (1980) · Women s Studies International Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s0148-0685(80)92323-4 · Cited by 104
Discourse Roles, Gender and Language Textbook Dialogues: Who learns what from John and Sally?
Jones, M. A., Kitetu, C. W., & Sunderland, J. (1997) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540259721204 · Cited by 101
Sex-role related effects of sex bias in language
Briere, J., & Lanktree, C. B. (1983) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00290069 · Cited by 80
Gender representation in English language textbooks used in the Singapore primary schools
Gupta, A. F., & Yin, A. L. S. (1990) · Language and Education · doi:10.1080/09500789009541271 · Cited by 72
(1977) · The Reading Teacher · Cited by 67
Schau, C., & Scott, K. P. (1984) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.76.2.183 · Cited by 65
Generic versus specific inclusion of women in language: Effects on recall
Crawford, M., & English, L. (1984) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/bf01068152 · Cited by 63
Style manual for authors, editors and printers
Co., S. C. Q. (2002) · Cited by 63
Don't Touch my Projectile: Gender Bias and Stereotyping in Syntactic Examples
Macaulay, M., & Brice, C. (1997) · Language · doi:10.1353/lan.1997.0031 · Cited by 60
Women and Language in Australian and New Zealand Society
Pauwels, A. (1987) · Cited by 58
The gender balance of physics textbooks: Caribbean and British books, 1985-91
Whiteley, P. (1996) · Physics Education · doi:10.1088/0031-9120/31/3/018 · Cited by 56
How Much of the Sky? Women in American High School History Textbooks from the 1960s, 1980s and 1990s
Clark, R. D., Allard, J., & Mahoney, T. R. (2004) · Social Education · Cited by 51
Sex Roles in Early Reading Textbooks.
Frasher, R. S., & Walker, A. (1972) · The Reading Teacher · Cited by 51
Partridge, E. (2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 50
Gender Role Stereotyping in Hong Kong's Primary School Chinese Language Subject Textbooks
Law, K. W.-K., & Chan, A. H.-N. (2004) · Asian Journal of Women s Studies · doi:10.1080/12259276.2004.11665965 · Cited by 48
Do masculine pronouns used generically lead to thoughts of men?
Cole, C. M., Hill, F. A., & Dayley, L. J. (1983) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289802 · Cited by 42
Non-sexist language reform and generic pronouns in Australian English
Pauwels, A. (2001) · English World-Wide A Journal of Varieties of English · doi:10.1075/eww.22.1.06pau · Cited by 38
Textbooks and Their Influence on Sex-Role Stereotype Formation.
Cincotta, M. S. (1978) · Cited by 37
Everybody Likes Pizza, Doesn't He or She?
Jochnowitz, G. (1982) · American Speech · doi:10.2307/454860 · Cited by 36
Where Is She? Gender Occurrences in Online Grammar Guides
Amare, N. (2007) · Research in the Teaching of English · doi:10.58680/rte20076490 · Cited by 30
Pauwels, A. (1991) · Center for International and Regional Studies (Georgetown University) · Cited by 25
Don't Touch my Projectile: Gender Bias and Stereotyping in Syntactic Examples
Macaulay, M., & Brice, C. (1997) · Language · doi:10.2307/417327 · Cited by 20
'Kings are royaler than queens’: Language and socialization
Sheldon, A. (1990) · Cited by 19
Gender Equity in Picture Books in Preschool Classrooms: An Exploratory Study.
Patt, M. B., & McBride, B. A. (1993) · Cited by 15
Burchfield, R. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 13
Gender, Ethnicity and Textbooks.
Clarkson, P. C. (1993) · The Australian mathematics teacher · Cited by 12
Sex-Stereotyping in Modern Language Teaching--An Aspect of the Hidden Curriculum.
Gaff, R. (1982) · British journal of language teaching · Cited by 10
Whose Code Are You Teaching? A Popular Australian Coursebook Unravelled.
Ritchie, A. (2005) · Cited by 4
Language and gender research in Australia
Pauwels, A. (1987) · Australian Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/aral.10.2.13pau · Cited by 2
Acceptability and usage in Australian English and Hong Kong English
Lee, F. K. J. (2022) · UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) · doi:10.26190/unsworks/13330 · Cited by 1
Research works printed but not linked: 19
- Au K.C., 1992, [Study of gender roles in Hong Kong primary textbooks]
- Britton G.E., 1977, The reading teacher, 31, 40
- Cincotta M.S., 1978, Babel, 14, 24
- Clark R., 2004, Social education, 68, 57
- Clarkson P., 1993, Australian mathematics teacher, 49, 14
- 2000, Research on content analysis of textbooks and teaching materials in respect of stereotypes: executive summary
- Frasher R., 1972, The reading teacher, 25, 741
- Gaff R., 1982, British journal of language teaching, 20, 71
- Hsu, F.H., 1992. A case study of discriminatory gender stereotyping in Taiwan's elementary school textbooks. Thesis (EdD). Columbia University Teachers College
- Ittzes K., 1978, The role of women in foreign-language textbooks, 9
- Pauwels A., 1997, Australian journal of communication, 24, 58
- Pauwels A., 2001, Australian journal of communication, 28, 69
- Ritchie A., 2005, Babel, 39, 4
- Sartori Stein A., 1978, The role of women in foreign-language textbooks, 123
- Schneider J.W., 1973, American sociologist, 8, 12
- Sheldon A., 1990, Young children, 45, 4
- Smith P., 1985, Languages, the sexes and society
- Wood J., 1980, Towards non-sexist guidelines for the media: a compilation of suggestions for change in the media's portrayal of women
- Yau B.L.L., 1988, [Gender roles as defined in current social studies subjects textbooks at the junior secondary level in Hong Kong]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Islam, K. M. M., & Asadullah, M. N. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190807 · Cited by 196
A hidden curriculum in Japanese EFL textbooks: Gender representation
Lee, J. F. K. (2014) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2014.07.002 · Cited by 134
Self-citationGender representation in Japanese EFL textbooks–a corpus study
Lee, J. F. K. (2018) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2016.1214690 · Cited by 118
Self-citationMultimodality in critical language textbook analysis
Weninger, C. (2020) · Language Culture and Curriculum · doi:10.1080/07908318.2020.1797083 · Cited by 131
Gender representation in Hong Kong primary school ELT textbooks – a comparative study
Lee, J. F. K. (2014) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540253.2014.916400 · Cited by 79
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, J. F. K., & Collins, P.
- Affiliations
- Education University of Hong Kong (HK)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Jackie F.K.
- Venue
- Journal of Gender Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 121-137
- ISSN
- 0958-9236 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3869
- OpenAlex
- W2147890208
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Gender Studies (publishedVersion)
- Hong Kong Education Bibliographic Database (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies in Language
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
- Keywords
- gender representation, English textbooks, gender-inclusive language, gender stereotypes, gender equality, gender awareness, social change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review