The Current Status of EMDR Therapy, Specific Target Areas, and Goals for the Future
Open accessAbstract
While eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is considered an evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults, there are differences as to how various international treatment guidelines judge the strength of this evidence base. Furthermore, in areas other than adult PTSD, major guidelines differ even more as to the strength of the evidence base and when to use EMDR. In 2019, the Council of Scholars: The Future of EMDR Therapy Project was initiated. Several working groups were established, with one assigned to the focus area of research. This article is a product of that working group. Firstly the group concluded that there were five areas where there was some base that EMDR was effective, but more data were needed to increase the likelihood that it would be considered in future international treatment guidelines. These areas were PTSD in children and adolescents, early EMDR interventions, combat PTSD, unipolar depression, and chronic pain. In addition, research into cost-effectiveness of EMDR therapy was identified as one of the priorities. A hierarchical system was used for classifying and rating evidence in the focus areas. After assessing the 120 outcome studies pertaining to the focus areas, we conclude that for two of the areas (i.e., PTSD in children and adolescents and EMDR early interventions research) the strength of the evidence is rated at the highest level, whereas the other areas obtain the second highest level. Some general recommendations for improving the quality of future research on the effectiveness of EMDR therapy are formulated.
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Lempertz, D., Wichmann, M. L.-Y., Enderle, E., Stellermann-Strehlow, K., Pawils, S., & Metzner, F. (2020) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.14.1.31 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Vergleichende Wirksamkeit von IRRT und EMDR bei kriegstraumatisierten deutschen Soldaten
Alliger‐Horn, C., Zimmermann, P. L., & Mitte, K. (2015) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Passoni, S., Curinga, T., Toraldo, A., Berlingeri, M., Fernández, I., & Bottini, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00967 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Anger and Aggression in UK Treatment-Seeking Veterans with PTSD
Turgoose, D., & Murphy, D. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6030086 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Osorio, A. (2018) · American Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20180704.11 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effectiveness of trauma-focused treatment for adolescents with major depressive disorder
Paauw, C., de Roos, C., Tummers, J., de Jongh, A., & Dingemans, A. E. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1682931 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Molero, R. J., Jarero, I., & Givaudan, M. (2019) · American Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20190804.12 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBrennstuhl, M., Tarquinio, C., Strub, L., Montel, S., Rydberg, J. A., & Kapoula, Z. (2013) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.759633 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Russell, M. C. (2008) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.212 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
McLay, R. N., Webb-Murphy, J. A., Fesperman, S. F., Delaney, E. M., Gerard, S. K., Roesch, S. C., Nebeker, B. J., Pandzic, I., Vishnyak, E. A., & Johnston, S. L. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000120 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Guilt, Shame and Compassionate Imagery in War: Traumatized German Soldiers with PTSD, a Pilot Study
Alliger‐Horn, C., Zimmermann, P. L., & Schmucker, M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm5100090 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dominguez, S. K., Drummond, P. D., Gouldthorp, B., Janson, D. L., & Lee, C. W. (2020) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12268 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for combat PTSD.
Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., & Hedlund, N. L. (1996) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.33.1.104 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Brennstuhl, M., Tarquinio, C., & Bassan, F. (2015) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2015.11.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effects of the EMDR Protocol for Recent Traumatic Events on Acute Stress Disorder: A Case Series
Buydens, S. L., Wilensky, M., & Hensley, B. J. (2014) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.8.1.2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wants Talk Psychotherapy but Cannot Talk: EMDR for Post-stroke Depression with Expressive Aphasia.
Guina, J., & Guina, C. (2018) · PubMed Central · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Young, W. C. (1995) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1995.49.2.282 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Investigaton of Eye Movement Desensitization in Pain Clinic Patients
Hassard, A. (1995) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800014429 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Immediate treatment following the November 13 attacks: Use of an EMDR emergency protocol
Brennstuhl, M., Bassan, F., Fayard, A., Fisselbrand, M., Guth, A., Hassler, M., Lebourg, K., Pavisse, R., Peter, L., Thiriet, A., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.09.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jiménez, G., Becker, Y., Varela, C., García, P., Nuño, M. A., Pérez, M. C., Osorio, A., Jarero, I., & Givaudan, M. (2020) · American Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20200902.12 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationSuárez, N. A., Pérez, J. M., Redolar-Ripoll, E., Hogg, B., Gardoki-Souto, I., García-Guerrero, F., Cabrera‐Jaime, S., Bernal, D. S., Amann, B. L., & Moreno‐Alcázar, A. (2020) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-20-00004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBrennstuhl, M., Tarquinio, C., Montel, S., Masson, J., Bassan, F., & Tarquinio, P. (2014) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2014.09.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
EMDR as a Therapeutic Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Case Report
Hughes, M. (2014) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.8.2.66 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dominguez, S. K., & Lee, C. W. (2019) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.13.4.247 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationTreating Traumatic Stress Injuries in Military Personnel
Russell, M. C., & Figley, C. R. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203829721 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wright, S. A., & Russell, M. C. (2012) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650112469461 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Brickell, M., Russell, M. C., & Smith, R. B. (2015) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.9.4.198 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kao, C. W., Cheng, S. M., Wan, F. J., Lin, W. S., & Chang, Y. (2018) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.4172/neuropsychiatry.1000435 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Frappell-Cooke, W., & McCauley, M. (2018) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001060 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fibromiyaljide EMDR’nin etkinliğinin araştırılması: Yedi olguyu içeren bir klinik çalışma
Kavakçı, Ö., Semız, M., Kaptanoğlu, E., & Özer, Z. (2012) · Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gauvry, S., Lesta, P., Alonso, A. L., & Pallia, R. C. (2013) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.3.167 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Semız, M., Atik, S., & Erdem, M. (2016) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.5350/dajpn2016290111 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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State of the science: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy
de Jongh, A., de Roos, C., & El‐Leithy, S. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23012 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., Brouwers, T. C., van Roozendaal, C., Vuister, T., & de Jongh, A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1956793 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat Is EMDR Therapy? Past, Present, and Future Directions
Laliotis, D., Luber, M., Oren, U., Shapiro, E., Ichii, M., Hase, M., Rosa, L. L., Alter-Reid, K., & Saint-Jammes, J. T. (2021) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-21-00029 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Adaptive Information Processing Model
Leeds, A. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898357.013.1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
EMDR Therapy as a Transdiagnostic Psychotherapy
Dominguez, S. K. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898357.013.18 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
EMDR therapy for misophonia: A pilot study of case series
Jager, I., Vulink, N., de Roos, C., & Denys, D. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1968613 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Therapeutic Relationship in EMDR Therapy
Hase, M., & Brisch, K. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835470 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
EMDR Therapy for Trauma-Related Disorders
Laliotis, D., & Shapiro, F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97802-0_11 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Moench, J., & Billsten, O. (2021) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-20-00047 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Karadag, M., Topal, Z., Ezer, R. N., & Gokcen, C. (2021) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-20-00054 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of EMDR for Medically Unexplained Symptoms: A Systematic Literature Review
Staton, A., Wilde, S., & Dawson, D. L. (2022) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-2022-0017 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Borst, M., Moeyaert, M., & van Rood, Y. (2024) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2024.2314883 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hendrix, Y. M. G. A., van Dongen, K. S. M., de Jongh, A., & van Pampus, M. G. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05545-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Velu, M. E., Martens, I. J. M., Shahab, M. K., de Roos, C., Jongedijk, R. A., Schok, M., & Mooren, T. T. M. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06178-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Leeds, A. M. (2022) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-2022-0015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Group eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in chronic pain patients
Vock, S., Delker, A., Rinderknecht, J., Engel, F., Wieland, S., Beiner, E., Friederich, H., Jarero, I., Seidler, G. H., & Tesarz, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1264807 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHendrix, Y. M. G. A., van Pampus, M. G., Hofman, A., Henrichs, J., van der Horst, H. E., & de Jongh, A. (2025) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2025.07.051 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
What Do We Know About EMDR Therapy Research? A Bibliometric Analysis
Bogolyubova, O., & Lovakov, A. V. (2022) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-2021-0008 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Morris, H., Hatzikiriakidis, K., Dwyer, J., Lewis, C., Halfpenny, N., Miller, R., & Skouteris, H. (2022) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001418 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
de Roos, C., Offermans, J. E., Bouwmeester, S., Lindauer, R., & Scheper, F. Y. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2447654 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Oudman, E., & Baert, J. C. M. (2022) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951522000542 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Endhoven, B., De Cort, K., Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., de Jongh, A., van Minnen, A., Duits, P., Schruers, K. R. J., van Dis, E. A. M., Krypotos, A. M., Gerritsen, L., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04320-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Study therapists are trained and supervised for the same amount of time for all treatment conditions, and treatment integrity will be checked [123].”
BackgroundSelf-citationvan Schie, K., & van Veen, S. C. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102155 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yaşar, A. B., Gündoğmuş, İ., Kubilay, D., Tunca, G. A., Uygun, E., Çiftçi, Z. Z., & Kavakçı, Ö. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1452206 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
EMDR Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Adult Inpatient Mental Health Settings
Phillips, R., Pinto, C., McSherry, P., & Maguire, T. (2022) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-21-2021-00022 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
van Geusau, V. A., de Jongh, A., Nuijs, M. D., Brouwers, T. C., Moerbeek, M., & Matthijssen, S. J. M. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1278052 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationVock, S., Hofmann, A., Lehnung, M., Böhm, K., Wieland, S., Seidler, G. H., Beiner, E., Hermes, M., Friederich, H., Eich, W., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1449150 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPhillips, R., Pinto, C., McSherry, P., & Maguire, T. (2022) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-21-00022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Implementing the Sleeping Dogs Method in Engaging Young People in Residential Care in EMDR
Dwyer, J., Struik, A., O’Sullivan, K., & Cukierman, R. (2024) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2024.2394108 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
„Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing“ (EMDR) in der Schmerztherapie
Vock, S., & Tesarz, J. (2025) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-025-00890-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBoosting memory activation to target aversive memories in dual-task interventions
Nuijs, M. D., Theunissen, T. P. M., van Schie, K., Brouwers, T. C., Cort, K. D., Schruers, K. R. J., & Matthijssen, S. J. M. A. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2581537 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLeung, K. C., McCarthy, C. A., & McLean, L. (2023) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562231166293 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in der Behandlung psychosomatischer Störungsbilder
Vock, S., & Tesarz, J. (2025) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-024-00758-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationHendrix, Y. M. G. A., van Pampus, M. G., Hofman, A., Henrichs, J., van der Horst, H. E., & de Jongh, A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4898491 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
EMDR Therapy with Military Veterans
Whybrow, D., Kitchiner, N., Williams, V. R., Graham, J., Hurley, E. C., & Kiernan, M. D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898357.013.30
Self-citationBouman, S., Müller, F., Onghena, P., & Knoop, H. (2023) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-2022-0060
Psychological Interventions for Refugee Minors
Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34078-9_8
McMullen, S., & Lee, C. W. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898357.013.47
Self-citationKhan, A., Madihie, A., Khan, S. U., Haider, S., & Haider, M. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.65098
Addo-Yobo, A., Uhl, A., Baloch, R., Stewart, T. K., Parrish, R., Johnson, R., Watkins, R., & Salami, T. K. (2025) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-025-09743-9
Cotardo, F., Koumantakis, E., Rossini, P. G., Malandrone, F., Berchialla, P., Ostacoli, L., & Carletto, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1688526
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Frisch, S., & Tesarz, J. (2026) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112862
Self-citationAl-Wahedi, M., Ismail, S., & Eid, E. M. (2026) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/0118743501433770260602071415
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Nery, M., Scholten, L., Voorrips, C., de Roos, C., Fijnvandraat, K., & Haverman, L. (2026) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-026-07153-2
Pratique de l'EMDR avec les enfants, les adolescents et leur famille
Barron, I., Lempertz, D., Mussawy, S. A. J., & Attal, N. (2025) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.tarqu.2025.02.0031
Self-citation
- Authors
- Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., Lee, C. W., de Roos, C., Barron, I. G., Jarero, I., Shapiro, E., Hurley, E. C., Schubert, S. J., Baptist, J., Amann, B. L., Moreno-Alcázar, A., Tesarz, J., & de Jongh, A.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Murdoch University (AU)
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Mexican Association for Mental Health Support in Crisis, Mexico
- Ramat Yishay, Israel
- United States Army (US)
- Psychology Training, Perth, Western Australia
- Kansas State University (US)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Instituto de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiciones (INAD), Barcelona, Spain
- University Hospital Heidelberg (DE)
- University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of EMDR Practice and Research
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 241-284
- ISSN
- 1933-3196 (ISSN-L)
- 1933-320X
- OpenAlex
- W3109300647
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of EMDR Practice and Research (publishedVersion)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- EMDR, post-traumatic stress disorder, children and adolescents, early intervention, major depressive disorder, chronic pain, cost-effectiveness, evidence-based treatment guidelines, research priorities, treatment effectiveness
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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