Stigma, self-compassion, and psychological distress among people with Parkinson’s
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PURPOSE: People with Parkinson's disease (hereafter Parkinson's) can experience stigma through the attitudes and actions of others (enacted stigma) and through anticipation of enacted stigma and internalisation of negative stereotypes (felt stigma). Self-compassion may protect against the impact of stigma. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between self-compassion, stigma, and psychological distress among people with Parkinson's. METHODS: A total of 130 people with Parkinson's completed questionnaires measuring self-compassion, enacted and felt stigma, and depression, anxiety, and stress. Correlation, mediation, and moderation models were used to investigate relationships between variables. RESULTS: All variables correlated significantly in the expected directions. Felt stigma mediated the relationship between self-compassion and the three outcome variables - depression, anxiety, and stress. Self-compassion did not moderate the relationship between enacted stigma and distress and suggested enacted stigma was associated with distress, regardless of levels of self-compassion. CONCLUSIONS: Self-compassion and both enacted and felt stigma are important predictors of distress for people with Parkinson's. Part of the relationship between lower self-compassion and psychological distress appears to occur via the internalisation of stigma. These findings may be relevant to the development of individualised and societal interventions with the aim of improving the psychological wellbeing of people with Parkinson's.Implications for rehabilitationSelf-compassion was associated with lower levels of psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) and self-stigma partially mediated this relationship.Self-compassion did not moderate the relationship between enacted stigma and psychological distress, suggesting enacted stigma increases distress, regardless of self-compassion.The development and assessment of the effectiveness of compassion-focused interventions tailored for people with Parkinson's may be important as well as systemic stigma focused interventions.
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Experiencing chronic illness-related stigma is associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety and even post-traumatic stress symptoms.
“Moreover, experiencing chronic illness-related stigma is associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety and even post-traumatic stress symptoms (Eccles et al. 2023;Liu and Zhang 2021;Warren et al. 2022).”
From Illness Stigma and Shame in People With Chronic Illnesses vs. SARS‐CoV‐2 Survivors: Associations With Psychological Distress Through Psychological Flexibility and Self‐Compassion. (2024) · cites this paper as Eccles et al. 2023
The Correlational analyses section reports that felt and enacted stigma were associated with higher depression and anxiety scores among people with Parkinson’s. The paper measured ordinary stress, not post-traumatic stress symptoms, and its findings do not establish the association across chronic illnesses generally. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious studies directly linked illness-related stigma to anxiety, which differs from our results.
“On the contrary, illness-related stigma was in previous studies directly linked to anxiety (Eccles et al. 2023), which differs from our results.”
From Illness Stigma and Shame in People With Chronic Illnesses vs. SARS‐CoV‐2 Survivors: Associations With Psychological Distress Through Psychological Flexibility and Self‐Compassion. (2024) · cites this paper as Eccles et al. 2023
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- Authors
- Eccles, F. J. R., Sowter, N., Spokes, T., Zarotti, N., & Simpson, J.
- Affiliations
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Bali Beginnings Addiction Treatment Centre, Sanur, Indonesia
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Eccles, Fiona J. R.
- Venue
- Disability and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-02-16
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 425-433
- ISSN
- 0963-8288 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5165
- OpenAlex
- W4213349545
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 10.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Disability and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, stigma, self-compassion, enacted stigma, perceived stigma, self-stigma, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress, mediation, moderation, compassion-focused interventions, stigma reduction interventions
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Distress, Self-Compassion, Empathy, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Self Concept, Stress, Psychological
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