Retrieval-induced forgetting, delay, and sleep
Abstract
Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) refers to the finding that retrieval of a subset of previously studied material can cause forgetting of related unpractised material. Prior work on the role of delay between practice and test for RIF reported mixed results. Whereas some studies found RIF to be a relatively transient phenomenon, others found RIF to persist over time. We examined whether the persistence of RIF can depend on whether wakefulness or sleep follows retrieval practice. We employed a variant of the retrieval-practice paradigm with short (20 minutes) and long (12 hours) delay conditions. In all conditions participants studied a perceptually categorised list followed by retrieval practice on some of the items from some of the categories. Participants studied and practised the material in the morning or the evening. RIF was present in the short-delay conditions, and it was present in the long-delay condition if the delay included nocturnal sleep; if the long delay was filled with diurnal wakefulness, RIF was absent. Results show that whether delay eliminates RIF or not can depend on whether sleep or wake follows retrieval practice. Connections of the results to recent findings about the role of delay and sleep for RIF are discussed.
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Sleep after learning preferentially strengthened memory for word stimuli weakened by interference learning or retrieval-induced forgetting or for very difficult motor movements.
“Contrasting this view, sleep after learning preferentially strengthened memory for word stimuli weakened by interference learning (325, 343) or retrievalinduced forgetting (1) or for very difficult motor movements (679).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1]
Cites
Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention
Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x · Cited by 2,867 · see citing works
The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention
Roediger, H. L., & Butler, A. C. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.003 · Cited by 1,796 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The finding of reduced delay-induced forgetting of the practised items is consistent with numerous findings from the testing effect literature (eg, Karpicke & Roediger, 2008 ; Roediger & Karpicke, 2006 ) and might indicate that retrieval practice creates particularly elaborated memory representations (Roediger & Butle…”
The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning
Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1152408 · Cited by 1,791 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The finding of reduced delay-induced forgetting of the practised items is consistent with numerous findings from the testing effect literature (eg, Karpicke & Roediger, 2008 ; Roediger & Karpicke, 2006 ) and might indicate that retrieval practice creates particularly elaborated memory representations (Roediger & Butle…”
ResultEffects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory
Plihal, W., & Born, J. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.534 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting.
Anderson, M. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.08.006 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes
Payne, J. D., Stickgold, R., Swanberg, K., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02157.x · Cited by 440 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, sleeprelated benefits have been found to depend on the future relevance of memories (e.g., Wilhelm et al., 2011), or their emotional tone (e.g., Payne et al., 2008).”
Sleep selectively enhances memory expected to be of future relevance
Wilhelm, I., Diekelmann, S., Molzow, I., Ayoub, A., Mölle, M., & Born, J. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3575-10.2011 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Why tests appear to prevent forgetting: A distribution-based bifurcation model
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Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783 · see citing works
“Contrasting this view, sleep after learning preferentially strengthened memory for word stimuli weakened by interference learning (325, 343) or retrievalinduced forgetting (1) or for very difficult motor movements (679).”
BackgroundThe sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis.
Berres, S., & Erdfelder, E. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000350 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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Self-citationDavidson, P., Jönsson, P., Carlsson, I., & Pace-Schott, E. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s286701 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
- Authors
- Abel, M., & Bäuml, K.-H. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bäuml, Karl-Heinz T.
- Venue
- Memory
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-05-28
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 420-428
- ISSN
- 0965-8211 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0686
- OpenAlex
- W2037560781
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- retrieval-induced forgetting, sleep, wakefulness, retrieval practice
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Practice, Psychological, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Sleep, Time Factors, Wakefulness
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