Integration as a general boundary condition on retrieval-induced forgetting.
Abstract
When people form connections between several memories that share a common retrieval cue, the tendency for those memories to interfere with one another during later retrieval attempts is often eliminated. Three experiments examined whether forming such connections might also protect memories from retrieval-induced forgetting, the phenomenon in which retrieving some associates of a cue leads to the suppression of others that interfere during retrieval (M. C. Anderson, E. L. Bjork, & R. A. Bjork, 1994). All 3 experiments found that instructing subjects to interrelate category exemplars during an initial study phase reduced retrieval-induced forgetting. Postexperimental questionnaires indicated that even when people were not instructed to interrelate exemplars, they often did so spontaneously and that this spontaneous integration also protected people from impairment. These findings, together with others obtained in different experimental settings, suggest that complex knowledge structures composed of highly interconnected components may be especially resistant to retrieval-induced forgetting.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Retrieval-induced forgetting can be eliminated if participants are asked to integrate the materials.
“Specifically, Chan noted that retrieval-induced forgetting tends to be short-lived (MacLeod & Macrae 2001) and can be eliminated if participants are asked to integrate the materials (Anderson & McCulloch 1999).”
From Practicing Retrieval Facilitates Learning (2021) · cites this paper as Anderson & McCulloch 1999
Cites
(1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,532 · see citing works
Anderson, J. R. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315799438 · Cited by 6,761 · see citing works
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328 · see citing works
Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition
Anderson, J. R. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203728178 · Cited by 2,926 · see citing works
Situation models in language comprehension and memory
Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162 · Cited by 2,877 · see citing works
Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027577 · Cited by 2,571 · see citing works
Information Processing and Cognition: The Loyola Symposium
Brown, A. S., & Solso, R. L. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421430 · Cited by 2,398 · see citing works
Inhibitory Processes in Attention, Memory and Language
Carr, T. H., & Dagenbach, D. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,276 · see citing works
Raaijmakers, J. G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.88.2.93 · Cited by 1,696 · see citing works
Varieties of Memory and Consciousness: Essays in Honour of Endel Tulving
Roediger, H. L., III, & Craik, F. I. M. (2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,654 · see citing works
Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice
Newell, A., & Rosenbloom, P. S. (2018) · Figshare · doi:10.1184/r1/6607196 · Cited by 1,501 · see citing works
Remembering can cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory.
Anderson, M. C., Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1063 · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
Self-citationPrinciples of Learning and Memory
Murdock, B. B., & Crowder, R. G. (1977) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422060 · Cited by 1,332 · see citing works
Verbal behavior and general behavior theory
Cliffs, E. (1971) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/0021-9924(71)90048-7 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
The Occurrence of Clustering in the Recall of Randomly Arranged Associates
Bousfield, W. A. (1953) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1953.9710088 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
On the status of inhibitory mechanisms in cognition: Memory retrieval as a model case.
Anderson, M. C., & Spellman, B. A. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.68 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of measures for the estimation of clustering in free recall.
Roenker, D. L., Thompson, C. P., & Brown, S. C. (1971) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0031355 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory
Anderson, J. R. (1974) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90021-8 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory.
Bjork, R. A. (1989) · Cited by 599 · see citing works
The influence of retrieval on retention
Carrier, L. M., & Pashler, H. (1992) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202713 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Remembering our past : studies in autobiographical memory
Rubin, D. C. (1996) · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Interference and inhibition in memory retrieval.
Anderson, M. C., & Neely, J. H. (1996) · Memory · doi:10.1016/b978-012102570-0/50010-0 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Self-citationThe similarity paradox in human learning: a resolution.
Osgood, C. E. (1949) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0057488 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
An examination of trace storage in free recall.
Slamecka, N. J. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025695 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Negative effects of using list items as recall cues
Rundus, D. (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80059-3 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Behavior research methods and instrumentation
Sidowski, J. B. (1968) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03209857 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Melton, A. W., & Irwin, J. M. (1940) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1417415 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Differential effects of study and test trials on long-term recognition and recall
Hogan, R. M., & Kintsch, W. (1971) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(71)80029-4 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Retrieval inhibition from part-set cuing: A persisting enigma in memory research
Nickerson, R. S. (1984) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213342 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Retrieval-induced forgetting in episodic memory.
Ciranni, M. A., & Shimamura, A. P. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.25.6.1403 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Verbal behavior and learning: Problems and processes.
(1963) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11178-000 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Fact retrieval and the paradox of interference
Smith, E. E., Adams, N. E., & Schorr, D. (1978) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(78)90007-5 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Retrieval-induced forgetting in an eyewitness-memory paradigm
Shaw, J. S., Bjork, R. A., & Handal, A. (1995) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210965 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Mechanisms of inhibition in long-term memory: A new taxonomy.
Anderson, M. C., & Bjork, R. A. (1994) · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition in recall from cueing with recall targets
Roediger, H. L., III (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80044-1 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
A partial resolution of the paradox of interference: The role of integrating knowledge
Reder, L. M., & Anderson, J. R. (1980) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90016-x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Effects of recall tests on long-term retention of paired associates
Allen, G. A., Mahler, W. A., & Estes, W. K. (1969) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(69)80090-3 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Retrieval difficulty and subsequent recall
Gardiner, F. M., Craik, F. I. M., & Bleasdale, F. A. (1973) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198098 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Mediated Associations: Paradigms and Situations.
Jenkins, J. J. (2006) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11178-006 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
At a Loss From Words: Verbal Overshadowing of Perceptual Memories
Schooler, J. W., Fiore, S. M., & Brandimonte, M. A. (1997) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60505-8 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Some tests of the strategy disruption interpretation of part-list cuing inhibition.
Basden, D. R., & Basden, B. H. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.6.1656 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Category Name and Instance Norms for 106 Categories of Various Sizes
McEvoy, C. L., & Nelson, D. L. (1982) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422189 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Memory: Handbook of Perception and Cognition
Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (1996) · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Implicit verbal chaining in paired-associate learning.
Russell, W. A., & Storms, L. H. (1955) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0042642 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Mental models and the fan effect.
Radvansky, G. A., & Zacks, R. T. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.17.5.940 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Inhibition from semantically related primes: Evidence of a category-specific inhibition
Blaxton, T. A., & Neely, J. H. (1983) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196987 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Recall as a self-limiting process
Roediger, H. L., III (1978) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197428 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Integrated knowledge in different tasks: The role of retrieval strategy on fan effects.
Reder, L. M., & Ross, B. H. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.1.55 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Inhibitory semantic priming of lexical decisions due to failure to retrieve weakly activated codes.
Dagenbach, D., Carr, T. H., & Barnhardt, T. M. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.16.2.328 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Meaningful similarity and interference in learning.
Osgood, C. E. (1946) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0063154 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Positional frequency and versatility of bigrams for two- through nine-letter English words
Solso, R. L., & Juel, C. L. (1980) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03201669 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Memory search without interference: The role of integration
Myers, J. L., O’Brien, E. J., Balota, D. A., & Toyofuku, M. L. (1984) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(84)90008-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Memory retrieval and suppression: The inhibition of situation models.
Radvansky, G. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.128.4.563 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Radvansky, G. A., Spieler, D. H., & Zacks, R. T. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.1.95 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
An experimental analysis of associative factors in mediated generalization.
Horton, D. L., & Kjeldergaard, P. M. (1961) · The Psychological Monographs · doi:10.1037/h0093808 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Studies of learning to learn II. Changes in transfer as a function of practice
Postman, L. J. (1964) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(64)80014-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Inhibition from part-set cuing: A cue-overload interpretation
Mueller, C. W., & Watkins, M. J. (1977) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80029-7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The role of experimental design in investigations of the fan effect.
Moeser, S. D. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.5.2.125 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Recognition processes in episodic memory.
Moeser, S. D. (1977) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0081650 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Retroactive and proactive effects under varying conditions of response similarity.
Young, R. K. (1955) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047382 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Situation models and abstract ownership relations.
Radvansky, G. A., Jr. Wyer Robert, S., Curiel, J. M., & Lutz, M. F. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1233 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Conway, M. (1997) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780198523864.003.0007 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Focused memory search in fact retrieval
McCloskey, M. E., & Bigler, K. (1980) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197613 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Conway, M. (1997) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Semantic memory: Complexity or connectivity?
Kroll, N. E. A., & Klimesch, W. (1992) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197168 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Implicit and explicit mediation in paired-associate learning.
Martin, R. B., & Dean, S. J. (1964) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0042356 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
McGeoch, J. A. (1936) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060533 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
MEANING MEDIATION IN VERBAL TRANSFER
KANUNGO, R. N. (1967) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1967.tb01074.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The effect of mediation on the retention and strength of previously formed associations
Horton, D. L., & Wiley, R. E. (1967) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(67)80045-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Retrieval interference in the independent storage of related episodic traces.
Moeser, S. D. (1979) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0081715 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The A-B, B-C, A-C mediation paradigm: Recall of A-B following A-C learning
Schulz, R. W., Liston, J. R., & Weaver, G. E. (1968) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(68)80113-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice
Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x · Cited by 2,037 · see citing works
Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting.
Anderson, M. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.08.006 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Self-citationTen Benefits of Testing and Their Applications to Educational Practice
Roediger, H. L., III, Putnam, A. L., & Smith, M. A. (2011) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387691-1.00001-6 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Inhibitory processes and the control of memory retrieval
Levy, B. J. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01923-x · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Retrieval-induced forgetting: evidence for a recall-specific mechanism
Anderson, M. C., Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2000) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03214366 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Self-citationRemembering in Conversations: The Social Sharing and Reshaping of Memories
Hirst, W. C., & Echterhoff, G. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100340 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
MacLeod, C. M., Dodd, M. D., Sheard, E. D., Wilson, D. E., & Bibi, U. (2003) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)01014-4 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Chan, J. C. K., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.553 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Cuc, A., Koppel, J., & Hirst, W. C. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01967.x · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Resistance to forgetting associated with hippocampus-mediated reactivation during new learning
Kuhl, B. A., Shah, A. T., DuBrow, S., & Wagner, A. D. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2498 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
A neural network model of retrieval-induced forgetting
Norman, K. A., Newman, E. L., & Detre, G. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.887 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Forgetting as a consequence of retrieval: A meta-analytic review of retrieval-induced forgetting.
Murayama, K., Miyatsu, T., Buchli, D. R., & Storm, B. C. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037505 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Gone but Not Forgotten: The Transient Nature of Retrieval-Induced Forgetting
MacLeod, M. D., & Macrae, C. N. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00325 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Fidelity of neural reactivation reveals competition between memories
Kuhl, B. A., Rissman, J., Chun, M. M., & Wagner, A. D. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1016939108 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Chan, J. C. K. (2009) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2009.04.004 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
A progress report on the inhibitory account of retrieval-induced forgetting
Storm, B. C., & Levy, B. J. (2012) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0211-7 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context
Marco, M., Gracia, E., Tomás, J. M., & López‐Quílez, A. (2016) · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Similarity and inhibition in long-term memory: Evidence for a two-factor theory.
Anderson, M. C., Green, C., & McCulloch, K. C. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.26.5.1141 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationRemembering change: The critical role of recursive remindings in proactive effects of memory
Wahlheim, C. N., & Jacoby, L. L. (2012) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0246-9 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Disruption and Dissolution of Directed Forgetting: Inhibitory Control of Memory
Conway, M., Harries, K., Noyes, J., Racsmány, M., & FRANKISH, C. R. (2000) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2000.2706 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Hulbert, J. C., & Norman, K. A. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu284 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Putting retrieval-induced forgetting in context: An inhibition-free, context-based account.
Jonker, T. R., Seli, P., & MacLeod, C. M. (2013) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0034246 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Intentional forgetting benefits from thought substitution
Hertel, P. T., & Calcaterra, G. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03193792 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Why Forget? On the Adaptive Value of Memory Loss
Nørby, S. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615596787 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Stone, C. B., Barnier, A. J., Sutton, J. D., & Hirst, W. C. (2009) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210903159003 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Forgetting the Unforgettable Through Conversation
Coman, A., Manier, D., & Hirst, W. C. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02343.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Rethinking inhibition theory: On the problematic status of the inhibition theory for forgetting
Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Jakab, E. (2012) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2012.10.002 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Retrieval‐induced forgetting in eyewitness memory: forgetting as a consequence of remembering
MacLeod, M. (2002) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.782 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Practicing Retrieval Facilitates Learning
McDermott, K. B. (2021) · Annual review of psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051019 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Memory reactivation during rest supports upcoming learning of related content
Schlichting, M. L., & Preston, A. R. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1404396111 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Stone, C. B., Coman, A., Brown, A. D., Koppel, J., & Hirst, W. C. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611427303 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Saunders, J., & MacLeod, M. D. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.8.2.127 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Fournier-Vicente, S., Larigauderie, P., & Gaonac’h, D. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.04.004 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
When Remembering Causes Forgetting: Electrophysiological Correlates of Retrieval-Induced Forgetting
Johansson, M., Aslan, A., Bäuml, K. T., Gabel, A. J., & Mecklinger, A. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl044 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Richter, F. R., Chanales, A. J. H., & Kuhl, B. A. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.051 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Can inhibition resolve retrieval competition through the control of spreading activation?
Saunders, J., & MacLeod, M. D. (2006) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193409 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Transfer appropriate forgetting: The cue-dependent nature of retrieval-induced forgetting
Perfect, T. J., Stark, L., Tree, J. J., Moulin, C. J. A., Ahmed, L., & Hutter, R. R. C. (2004) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.06.003 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Integrating Cognitive Science and Technology Improves Learning in a STEM Classroom
Butler, A. C., Marsh, E. J., Slavinsky, J. P., & Baraniuk, R. G. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-014-9256-4 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Fleeting, Fading, or Far-Reaching? A Knowledge-Based Model of the Persistence of Framing Effects
Baden, C., & Lecheler, S. K. (2012) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01413.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Directed forgetting of recently recalled autobiographical memories.
Barnier, A. J., Conway, M. A., Mayoh, L., Speyer, J., Avizmil, O., & Harris, C. B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.301 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Assessing the inhibitory account of retrieval-induced forgetting with implicit-memory tests.
Perfect, T. J., Moulin, C. J. A., Conway, M., & Perry, E. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.6.1111 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Stone, C. B., Barnier, A. J., Sutton, J. D., & Hirst, W. C. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0030739 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Collective minds: social network topology shapes collective cognition
Momennejad, I. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0315 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Camp, G., Pecher, D., & Schmidt, H. G. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.5.950 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Memory retrieval and suppression: The inhibition of situation models.
Radvansky, G. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.128.4.563 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Script knowledge modulates retrieval-induced forgetting for eyewitness events
García‐Bajos, E., Migueles, M., & Anderson, M. C. (2008) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210802572454 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationNoreen, S., & MacLeod, M. D. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0028888 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The role of item strength in retrieval-induced forgetting.
Jakab, E., & Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0015264 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hippocampal representations as a function of time, subregion, and brain state
Duncan, K. D., & Schlichting, M. L. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.006 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Oscillatory Correlates of Retrieval-induced Forgetting in Recognition Memory
Spitzer, B., Hanslmayr, S., Opitz, B., Mecklinger, A., & Bäuml, K. T. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21072 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Adults’ strategy choices for simple addition: Effects of retrieval interference
Campbell, J. I. D., & Timm, J. C. (2000) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03213008 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The influence of distinctive processing on retrieval-induced forgetting
Smith, R. E., & Hunt, R. R. (2000) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03201240 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Carroll, M., Campbell-Ratcliffe, J., Murnane, H., & Perfect, T. J. (2007) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440701326071 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Stone, C. B., & Wang, Q. (2018) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12369 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Jakab, E. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0131-y · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A limit on retrieval-induced forgetting.
Butler, K. M., Williams, C. C., Zacks, R. T., & Maki, R. H. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.27.5.1314 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
On the durability of retrieval-induced forgetting
Storm, B. C., Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2012.674030 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Part-list cuing can be transient and lasting: The role of encoding.
Bäuml, K. T., & Aslan, A. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.1.33 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Forgetting as a consequence and enabler of creative thinking
Storm, B. C., & Patel, T. N. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000006 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Age differences in memory control: Evidence from updating and retrieval-practice tasks
Lechuga, M. T., Moreno, V., Pelegrina, S., Gómez‐Ariza, C. J., & Bajo, M. T. (2006) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.01.006 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Retrieval-induced forgetting and part-list cuing in associatively structured lists
Bäuml, K. T., & Kuhbandner, C. (2003) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195802 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Grammatical Gender Inhibition in Bilinguals
Morales, L., Paolieri, D., & Bajo, T. (2011) · Front. Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00284 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Dunn, E. W., & Spellman, B. A. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00032-5 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
I was always on my mind: The self and temporary forgetting
Macrae, C. N., & Roseveare, T. A. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196320 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Selective retrieval and induced forgetting in eyewitness memory
Migueles, M., & García‐Bajos, E. (2006) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1323 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Semantic integration as a boundary condition on inhibitory processes in episodic retrieval.
Goodmon, L. B., & Anderson, M. C. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0021963 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationAn individual differences analysis of memory control
Salthouse, T. A., Siedlecki, K. L., & Krueger, L. E. (2006) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.03.006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gómez‐Ariza, C. J., Lechuga, M. T., Pelegrina, S., & Bajo, M. T. (2005) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193376 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Storm, B. C., Angello, G. M., Buchli, D. R., Koppel, R. H., Little, J. L., & Nestojko, J. F. (2015) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2014.09.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Interference between overlapping memories is predicted by neural states during learning
Chanales, A. J. H., Dudukovic, N. M., Richter, F. R., & Kuhl, B. A. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13377-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Anderson, M. C. (2001) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1300/j146v04n02_09 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationRetrieval-induced forgetting in perceptually driven memory tests.
Bajo, M. T., Gómez‐Ariza, C. J., Fernández, Á., & Marful, A. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.5.1185 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Stramaccia, D. F., Penolazzi, B., Altoè, G., & Galfano, G. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.07.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Testing can counteract proactive interference by integrating competing information
Wahlheim, C. N. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0455-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Episodic generation can cause semantic forgetting: Retrieval-induced forgetting of false memories
Starns, J. J., & Hicks, J. L. (2004) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195851 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Coman, A., Stone, C. B., Castano, E., & Hirst, W. C. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614531024 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Rowland, C. A., & DeLosh, E. L. (2014) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0625-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A retrieval-specific mechanism of adaptive forgetting in the mammalian brain
Bekinschtein, P., Weisstaub, N., Gallo, F. T., Renner, M., & Anderson, M. C. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07128-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationThe costs and benefits of testing text materials
Little, J. L., Storm, B. C., & Bjork, E. L. (2011) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2011.569725 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Inhibition in goal systems: A retrieval-induced forgetting account
Culloch, K. C. M., Aarts, H., Fujita, K., & Bargh, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.08.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Hippocampus and Memory Integration: Building Knowledge to Navigate Future Decisions
Schlichting, M. L., & Preston, A. R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_13 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Conroy, R., & Salmon, K. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.06.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Proactive effects of memory in young and older adults: The role of change recollection
Wahlheim, C. N. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0411-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Storm, B. C., Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2005) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.01.008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Resolving interference between body movements: Retrieval-induced forgetting of motor sequences.
Tempel, T., & Frings, C. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0030336 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Targeted memory reactivation during sleep can induce forgetting of overlapping memoriesPreprint
Joensen, B. H., Harrington, M. O., Berens, S. C., Cairney, S. A., Gaskell, M. G., & Horner, A. J. (2022) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053594.122 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Exhaustive and heuristic retrieval processes in person cognition: further tests of the TRAP model.
Garcia-Marques, L., Hamilton, D., & Maddox, K. B. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.2.193-207 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Odinot, G., Wolters, G., & Lavender, T. (2008) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1443 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Is retrieval-induced forgetting behind the bilingual disadvantage in word production?
Runnqvist, E., & Costa, A. (2011) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728911000034 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Retrieval-induced forgetting, delay, and sleep
Abel, M., & Bäuml, K.-H. T. (2012) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.671832 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Memory retrieval as a self-propagating process
Bäuml, K. T., & Schlichting, A. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Total retrieval time and hypermnesia: Investigating the benefits of multiple recall tests
Mulligan, N. W. (2004) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-004-0178-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Unintentional memory inhibition is weakened in non-clinical dissociators
Chiu, C., Yeh, Y., Huang, C., Wu, Y., Chiu, Y.-C., & Lin, C. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.11.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Depression-related differences in learning and forgetting responses to unrelated cues
Hertel, P. T., & Mahan, A. L. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A strategy disruption component to retrieval-induced forgetting
Dodd, M. D., Castel, A. D., & Roberts, K. E. (2006) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193390 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Semantic relatedness retroactively boosts memory and promotes memory interdependence across episodes
Antony, J. W., Romero, A., Vierra, A. H., Luenser, R. S., Hawkins, R. D., & Bennion, K. A. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.72519 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Phenix, T. L., & Campbell, J. I. D. (2004) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196862 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Part-list cuing with and without item-specific probes: The role of encoding
Aslan, A., & Bäuml, K. T. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03194095 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Inhibition as a Cause of Forgetting
Marsh, L. C., & Anderson, M. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.41 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of different types of forensic information on eyewitness’ memory and confidence accuracy
Sarwar, F., Allwood, C. M., & Innes-Ker, Å. H. (2014) · The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context · doi:10.5093/ejpalc2014a3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- Anderson, M. C., & McCulloch, K. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 608-629
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- OpenAlex
- W2057972724
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- retrieval-induced forgetting, memory integration, category exemplars, memory interference, associative memory, knowledge structure, memory suppression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
