The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 127 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Global production networks and the analysis of economic development
Open accessAbstract
This article outlines a framework for the analysis of economic integration and its relation to the asymmetries of economic and social development. Consciously breaking with state-centric forms of social science, it argues for a research agenda that is more adequate to the exigencies and consequences of globalization than has traditionally been the case in 'development studies'. Drawing on earlier attempts to analyse the cross-border activities of firms, their spatial configurations and developmental consequences, the article moves beyond these by proposing the framework of the 'global production network' (GPN). It explores the conceptual elements involved in this framework in some detail and then turns to sketch a stylized example of a GPN. The article concludes with a brief indication of the benefits that could be delivered by research informed by GPN analysis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As part of these efforts, Henderson et al.'s (2002) GPN 1.0 schema emphasized the complex intra-, inter-, and extra-firm networks involved in any economic activity, and elaborated on how these are structured both organizationally and geographically.”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Henderson et al. (2002)
In the citing paper
“The GPN concept was developed in the late 1990s by a group of researchers in economic geography, and emerged from a growing dissatisfaction with existing theories of economic development that failed to account for the increasingly complex, networked nature of production activities, which spanned across national borders and led to uneven development in different regions and countries (Coe & Yeung,”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Henderson et al., 2002
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness
Granovetter, M. (1985) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/228311 · Cited by 28,745
The Competitive Advantage of Nations
Clark, T. W., & Porter, M. (1991) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1251962 · Cited by 17,454
The Competitive Advantage of Nations
Porter, M. E. (1990) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-11336-1 · Cited by 15,654
Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance
Porter, M. E. (1985) · Cited by 14,725
Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour
Lewis, W. (1954) · Manchester School · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x · Cited by 10,808
The Strategy of Economic Development
Linder, S. B., & Hirschman, A. O. H. (1959) · Ekonomisk Tidskrift · doi:10.2307/3438684 · Cited by 6,251
Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance
Ponter, M. E. (1998) · Cited by 5,821
Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation
Evans, P. B. (1995) · doi:10.1515/9781400821723 · Cited by 4,238
Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy.
McCaffrey, D. P., & Dunning, J. H. (1995) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393707 · Cited by 3,903
Actor Network Theory and After
Stark, D. E., Law, J., & Hassard, J. S. (2001) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654376 · Cited by 3,256
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Castells, M. (2000a) The Rise of Ike Network Society. (2nd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell.
- Gestells, M. (2000b) End of Millennium (2nd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell.
- Dicken, P. (1998) Global Shift (3rd Edition). London: Paul Chapman.
- Evans, P. (1995) Embedded Autonomy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Grabher, G. (1993) The weakness of strong ties: the lock-in of regional development in the Ruhr area', in G. Graher (ed.), The Embedded Firm; On the Socio-Economics of Inter-firm Relations. London: Routledge, pp. 255-78.
- Heyzer, N. (1986) Working Women in Southeast Asia. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
- Hill, H. (1996) Southeast Asia's Emerging Giant: Indonesian Economic Policy and Devedopment since 1996. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Jessop, 6. (ed.) (2001) Regulation Theory arid the Crisis of Capitalism: Volume 1 - The Parisian School. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Pike, A., Lagendijk, A. and Vale, M. (2000) 'Critical reflections on "embeddedness" in economic geography: the case of labour market governance and training in the automotive industry in the North-East region of England', in A. Giunta, A. Legendljk and A. Pike (eds), Restructuring Industry and Territory, The Experience of Europe's Regions. London; The Stationery Office; pp. 59-82.
- Sklair, L. (1993) Assembling for Development (2nd Edition). San Diego: University of California Center of US-Mexico Relations.
- Sklair, L. (1995) Sociology of the Global System (2nd Edition). London: Prentice Hall.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The governance of global value chains
Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., & Sturgeon, T. (2005) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290500049805 · Cited by 7,233
Global production networks: realizing the potential
Coe, N. M., Dicken, P., & Heß, M. (2008) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn002 · Cited by 1,578
Self-citation‘Globalizing’ regional development: a global production networks perspective
Coe, N. M., Heß, M., Yeung, H. W., Dicken, P., & Henderson, J. (2004) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00142.x · Cited by 1,442
Self-citationToward a spatial perspective on sustainability transitions
Coenen, L., Benneworth, P., & Truffer, B. (2012) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.02.014 · Cited by 1,294
Economic and social upgrading in global production networks: A new paradigm for a changing world
Barrientos, S., Gereffi, G., & Rossi, A. (2011) · International Labour Review · doi:10.1111/j.1564-913x.2011.00119.x · Cited by 1,057
‘Spatial’ relationships? Towards a reconceptualization of embedded ness
Heß, M. (2004) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1191/0309132504ph479oa · Cited by 1,002
Global Capitalism and Commodity Chains: Looking Back, Going Forward
Bair, J. (2005) · Competition & Change · doi:10.1179/102452905x45382 · Cited by 908
Quality standards, conventions and the governance of global value chains
Ponte, S., & Gibbon, P. (2005) · Economy and Society · doi:10.1080/0308514042000329315 · Cited by 961
Value chains, networks and clusters: reframing the global automotive industry
Sturgeon, T., Van Biesebroeck, J., & Gereffi, G. (2008) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn007 · Cited by 885
From market fixing to market-creating: a new framework for innovation policy
Mazzucato, M. (2016) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2016.1146124 · Cited by 904
Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature
Kano, L., Tsang, E. W. K., & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2020) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-020-00304-2 · Cited by 767
Self-citationWhat does the COVID-19 pandemic teach us about global value chains? The case of medical supplies
Gereffi, G. (2020) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-020-00062-w · Cited by 691
Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world
Gereffi, G. (2014) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2012.756414 · Cited by 1,063
Toward a Dynamic Theory of Global Production Networks
Yeung, H. W., & Coe, N. M. (2014) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1111/ecge.12063 · Cited by 645
Self-citationGoverning global value chains: an introduction
Gibbon, P., Bair, J., & Ponte, S. (2008) · Economy and Society · doi:10.1080/03085140802172656 · Cited by 632
Rethinking relational economic geography
Yeung, H. W. (2005) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00150.x · Cited by 604
Self-citationConstrained agency? Re-evaluating the geographies of labour
Coe, N. M., & Lier, D. C. (2010) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132510366746 · Cited by 582
Self-citationPolitical Contestation in Global Production Networks
Levy, D. L. (2008) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2008.34422006 · Cited by 551
Input and Output Legitimacy of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives
Mena, S., & Palazzo, G. (2012) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.5840/beq201222333 · Cited by 573
Global Value Chains in a Changing World
Elms, D., & Abe, M. (2013) · doi:10.30875/0b68ab34-en · Cited by 540
Explaining governance in global value chains: A modular theory-building effort
Ponte, S., & Sturgeon, T. J. (2013) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2013.809596 · Cited by 524
Stahl, G. K., Brewster, C. J., Collings, D. G., & Hajro, A. (2020) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100708 · Cited by 502
Global standards, global governance and the organization of global value chains
Nadvi, K. (2008) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn003 · Cited by 491
Beyond strategic coupling: reassessing the firm-region nexus in global production networks
MacKinnon, D. (2011) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbr009 · Cited by 486
Regionally asymmetric knowledge capabilities and open innovation
Cooke, P. (2005) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.12.005 · Cited by 486
The Globalization of Organic Agro-Food Networks
Raynolds, L. T. (2004) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.11.008 · Cited by 481
Space and scale in socio-technical transitions
Raven, R. P. J. M., Schot, J., & Berkhout, F. (2012) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2012.08.001 · Cited by 473
Making Global Value Chains Work for Development
Taglioni, D., & Winkler, D. (2016) · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0157-0 · Cited by 459
Global Value Chains and Development: Redefining the Contours of 21st Century Capitalism
Gereffi, G. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108559423 · Cited by 452
Yeung, H. W. (2009) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343400902777059 · Cited by 416
Self-citationCorporate Social Responsibility in Global Value Chains: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?
Lund‐Thomsen, P., & Lindgreen, A. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1796-x · Cited by 403
Regulation and Economic Globalization: Prospects and Limits of Private Governance
Mayer, F. W., & Gereffi, G. (2010) · Business and Politics · doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1325 · Cited by 395
Global production networks: mapping recent conceptual developments
Coe, N. M., & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2019) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbz018 · Cited by 386
Self-citationExogenous sources of regional industrial change
Trippl, M., Grillitsch, M., & Isaksen, A. (2017) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132517700982 · Cited by 381
Networked but Commodified: The (Dis)Embeddedness of Digital Labour in the Gig Economy
Wood, A., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038519828906 · Cited by 304
Labour agency and union positionalities in global production networks
Cumbers, A., Nativel, C., & Routledge, P. (2008) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn008 · Cited by 359
MNEs as border-crossing multi-location enterprises: The role of discontinuities in geographic space
Beugelsdijk, S., & Mudambi, R. (2013) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2013.23 · Cited by 355
Multinational Enterprises, Development and Globalization: Some Clarifications and a Research Agenda
Narula, R., & Dunning, J. H. (2010) · Oxford Development Studies · doi:10.1080/13600818.2010.505684 · Cited by 388
Embeddedness and the Intellectual Projects of Economic Sociology
Krippner, G. R., & Alvarez, A. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131647 · Cited by 346
‘Labour Chains’: Analysing the Role of Labour Contractors in Global Production Networks
Barrientos, S. (2013) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2013.780040 · Cited by 331
Unrelated knowledge combinations: the unexplored potential for regional industrial path development
Grillitsch, M., Asheim, B., & Trippl, M. (2018) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsy012 · Cited by 329
Labouring for global markets: Conceptualising labour agency in global production networks
Carswell, G., & Neve, G. D. (2012) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.06.008 · Cited by 316
Anner, M. (2020) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1625426 · Cited by 233
Dallas, M. P., Ponte, S., & Sturgeon, T. J. (2019) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1608284 · Cited by 320
Relational Economic Geography: A Partial Understanding or a New Paradigm?
Sunley, P. (2008) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2008.tb00389.x · Cited by 298
Variegated Capitalism, Chinese Style: Regional Models, Multi-scalar Constructions
Zhang, J., & Peck, J. (2014) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.856514 · Cited by 288
Beyond facilitator? State roles in global value chains and global production networks
Horner, R. (2017) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12307 · Cited by 286
Neilson, J., Pritchard, B., & Yeung, H. W. (2014) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2013.873369 · Cited by 282
Self-citationStrauss, K., & McGrath, S. (2016) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.01.008 · Cited by 276
Social Upgrading and Labour in Global Production Networks: A Critique and an Alternative Conception
Selwyn, B. (2013) · Competition & Change · doi:10.1179/1024529412z.00000000026 · Cited by 270
Whither Global Production Networks in Economic Geography? Past, Present, and Future
Heß, M., & Yeung, H. W. (2006) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a38463 · Cited by 270
Self-citationGlobal socio-technical regimes
Fuenfschilling, L., & Binz, C. (2018) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.02.003 · Cited by 269
Upgrading in Global Value ChainsPreprint
HUMPHREY, J. D. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.908214 · Cited by 267
Analysing global economic organization: embedded networks and global chains compared
Bair, J. (2008) · Economy and Society · doi:10.1080/03085140802172664 · Cited by 266
Integrating Finance into Global Production Networks
Coe, N. M., Lai, K. P. Y., & Wójcik, D. (2013) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2014.886772 · Cited by 276
Self-citationVideo games production networks: value capture, power relations and embeddedness
Johns, J. (2005) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbi001 · Cited by 263
Beyond firm-centrism: re-integrating labour and capitalism into global commodity chain analysis
Selwyn, B. (2011) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbr016 · Cited by 260
Scott, A. J. (2006) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.01.003 · Cited by 254
Geographies of circulation and exchange: constructions of markets
Berndt, C., & Boeckler, M. (2009) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132509104805 · Cited by 253
Geographers and ‘globalization’: (yet) another missed boat?
Dicken, P. (2004) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00111.x · Cited by 252
Self-citationNotteboom, T., & Rodrigue, J. (2008) · Maritime Economics & Logistics · doi:10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100196 · Cited by 251
Global value chains, rising power firms and economic and social upgrading
Lee, J., & Gereffi, G. (2015) · Critical Perspectives on International Business · doi:10.1108/cpoib-03-2014-0018 · Cited by 274
Haggard, S. M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108552738 · Cited by 257
Peck, J. (2009) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2005.tb00263.x · Cited by 248
Ouma, S. (2010) · Economic Geography · doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01065.x · Cited by 244
Capital’s logistical fix: Accumulation, globalization, and the survival of capitalism
Danyluk, M. (2017) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1177/0263775817703663 · Cited by 240
Horner, R., & Nadvi, K. (2017) · Global Networks · doi:10.1111/glob.12180 · Cited by 237
Towards a science of climate and energy choices
Stern, P. C., Sovacool, B. K., & Dietz, T. M. (2016) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate3027 · Cited by 250
Rossi, A. (2013) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.002 · Cited by 232
Transition to renewable energy and sustainable energy development in Azerbaijan
Vidadili, N., Suleymanov, E., Bulut, C., & Mahmudlu, C. (2017) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.168 · Cited by 232
Globalizing retail: conceptualizing the distribution-based transnational corporation (TNC)
Wrigley, N., Coe, N. M., & Currah, A. (2005) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1191/0309132505ph559oa · Cited by 230
Self-citationThe state, institutional frameworks and the dynamics of capital in global production networks
Smith, A. (2015) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132513518292 · Cited by 225
Functional specialisation in trade
Timmer, M. P., Miroudot, S., & de Vries, G. J. (2018) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lby056 · Cited by 225
Outsourcing governance: states and the politics of a ‘global value chain world’
Mayer, F. W., & Phillips, N. (2017) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2016.1273341 · Cited by 224
Towards the lithium-ion battery production network: Thinking beyond mineral supply chains
Bridge, G., & Faigen, E. (2022) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2022.102659 · Cited by 223
Global production networks, labour and development
Coe, N. M., & Heß, M. (2012) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.08.003 · Cited by 219
Self-citationGlobal production networks: Design and operation
Lanza, G., Ferdows, K., Kara, S., Mourtzis, D., Schuh, G., Váncza, J., Wang, L., & Wiendahl, H. (2019) · CIRP Annals · doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2019.05.008 · Cited by 218
Nahm, J. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197555361.001.0001 · Cited by 207
Rethinking governance and value in commodity chains through global recycling networks
Crang, M., Hughes, A., Gregson, N., Norris, L., & Ahamed, F. U. (2012) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00515.x · Cited by 204
Yeung, H. W. (2015) · Regional Science Policy & Practice · doi:10.1111/rsp3.12055 · Cited by 202
Self-citationThe evolution of power in the global coffee value chain and production network
Grabs, J., & Ponte, S. (2019) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbz008 · Cited by 202
Bathelt, H., & Turi, P. G. (2011) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.04.007 · Cited by 200
Cerny, P. G. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733699.001.0001 · Cited by 203
Liu, W., & Dicken, P. (2006) · Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a37206 · Cited by 198
Self-citationPracticing New Economic Geographies: A Methodological Examination
Yeung, H. W. (2003) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/1467-8306.9302011 · Cited by 196
Self-citationDonnelly, R., & Johns, J. (2020) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1737834 · Cited by 195
Coe, N. M., & Heß, M. (2005) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbh068 · Cited by 193
Self-citationEmbedding CSR Values: The Global Footwear Industry’s Evolving Governance Structure
Lim, S. J., & Phillips, J. (2007) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9485-2 · Cited by 193
A Network-based view of regional growth
Huggins, R., & Thompson, P. (2013) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbt012 · Cited by 194
Pipkin, S., & Fuentes, A. (2017) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.009 · Cited by 193
Upgrading in the automotive industry: firm-level evidence from Central Europe
Pavlínek, P., & Ženka, J. (2010) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbq023 · Cited by 190
From teleconnection to telecoupling: taking stock of an emerging framework in land system science
Friis, C., Nielsen, J. Ø., Otero, I., Haberl, H., Niewöhner, J., & Hostert, P. (2015) · Journal of Land Use Science · doi:10.1080/1747423x.2015.1096423 · Cited by 203
Riisgaard, L., & Hammer, N. (2009) · British Journal of Industrial Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00744.x · Cited by 187
Linking Up to Development? Global Value Chains and the Making of a Post‐Washington Consensus
Werner, M., Bair, J., & Fernández, V. R. (2014) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/dech.12132 · Cited by 187
Contract Labour: The ‘Achilles Heel’ of Corporate Codes in Commercial Value Chains
Barrientos, S. (2008) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00524.x · Cited by 185
Host economy impacts of transnational retail: the research agenda
Coe, N. M., & Wrigley, N. (2007) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbm012 · Cited by 182
Self-citationReview and Positions: Global Production Networks and Labour
Rainnie, A., Herod, A., & McGrath‐Champ, S. (2011) · Competition & Change · doi:10.1179/102452911x13025292603714 · Cited by 182
Bringing the social context back in: governance and wealth distribution in global commodity chains
Palpacuer, F. (2008) · Economy and Society · doi:10.1080/03085140802172698 · Cited by 181
Sturgeon, T. J. (2008) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804779760-008 · Cited by 181
Geographies of brands and branding
Pike, A. (2009) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132508101601 · Cited by 177
Metadata
- Authors
- Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N., & Yeung, H. W.-C.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Venue
- Review of International Political Economy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 436-464
- ISSN
- 0969-2290 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-4526
- OpenAlex
- W2114837397
- Cited by
- 2,216
- References
- 127
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 118 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 148 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 157 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 81
- FWCI
- 112.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Review of International Political Economy (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › World Systems and Global Transformations
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Globalization, Economics, and Policies
- Keywords
- global production networks, economic integration, globalization, development studies, economic development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review