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Cited by 154Celiac Disease Research and ManagementAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGut microbiota and health

Autism and Schizophrenia: Intestinal Disorders

Cade, Robert, Privette, Malcolm, Fregly, Melvin, Rowland, Neil, Sun, Zhongjie, Zele, Virginia, Wagemaker, Herbert, Edelstein, Charlotte·2000·Nutritional Neuroscience
DOI 10.1080/1028415x.2000.11747303
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Abstract

We examined Dohan's hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with the absorption of "exorphins" contained in gluten and casein. In addition, because of the work of Reichelt et al. (Reichelt, K.L., Saelid, G., Lindback, J. and Orbeck, H. (1986) Biological Psychiatry 21:1279-1290) and Rodriguez et al. (Rodriguez, Trav, A.L., Barreiro Marin, R, Galvez, Borrero, I.M., del Olmo Romero-Nieva, F. and Diaz Alvarez, A. (1994) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Aug; 182(8): 478-479), we carried out similar studies on a group of children with autism. In both syndromes we found similar patterns of peptide containing peaks (Ninhydrin positive) after molecular screening with Sephadex G-15. Immunoglobulin assay of IgA and IgG against gliadin and casein in serum was done. High titer IgG antibodies to gliadin were found in 87% of autistic and 86% of schizophrenic patients and high titer IgG antibodies to bovine casein were found in 90% of autistic and in 93% of schizophrenic patients. High titer IgA antibodies to gluten or casein were found in 30% of children with autism while in schizophrenic patients 86% had elevated IgA antibodies to gluten and 67% to casein; some normal children and adults have these antibodies but only in trace amounts. When schizophrenic patients were treated with dialysis or a gluten-casein free diet, or both (Cade, R., Wagemaker, H., Privette, R.M., Fregly, M., Rogers, J. and Orlando, J. (1990) Psychiatry: A World Prespective 1: 494-500) peptiduria and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scores fell while abnormal behavior diminished. A gluten-casein free diet was accompanied by improvement in 81% of autistic children within 3 months in most of the behavior categories. Our data provide support for the proposal that many patients with schizophrenia or autism suffer due to absorption of exorphins formed in the intestine from incomplete digestion of gluten and casein.

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  • An open-label study in 70 children with ASD investigated the effects of a 12-month dietary intervention consisting of a gluten-free, casein-free diet and found improvement for 81% of the participants after three months.

    “An open-label study in 70 children with ASD investigated the effects of a 12-month dietary intervention consisting of a gluten-free, casein-free diet and found improvement for 81% of the participants after three months [119].”

    From Role of diet and its effects on the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [119]

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Authors
Cade, R., Privette, M., Fregly, M., Rowland, N., Sun, Z., Zele, V., Wagemaker, H., & Edelstein, C.
Affiliations
University of Florida Health (US)
ORCID
Venue
Nutritional Neuroscience
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2000-01
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
57-72
ISSN
  • 1028-415X (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-8305
DOI
10.1080/1028415x.2000.11747303
OpenAlex
W2187926616
Cited by
154
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
FWCI
5.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nutritional Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • University of Florida Foundation
  • University of Florida
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, exorphins, gluten, casein, anti-gliadin antibodies, IgA antibodies, IgG, gluten-free diet, casein-free diet, intestinal peptide absorption

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