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Cited by 150Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesCeliac Disease Research and Management

Effect of gluten free diet on gastrointestinal and behavioral indices for children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized clinical trial

Ghalichi, Faezeh, Ghaemmaghami, Jamal, Malek, Ayyoub, Ostadrahimi, Alireza·2016·World Journal of Pediatrics
DOI 10.1007/s12519-016-0040-z
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Abstract

Background Genetic and environmental factors are both responsible for the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although epidemiological studies have been conducted to clarify the association between restriction diets and ASD, the conclusion remains unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of gluten free diet (GFD) on gastrointestinal symptoms and behavioral indices in children with ASD.Methods In this randomized clinical trial, 80 children diagnosed with ASD by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) were assigned into GFD (n=40) and regular diet (RD) (n=40) groups for 6 weeks. At the beginning and end of the intervention, the ROME Ш questionnaire for evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms and Gilliam Autism Rating Scale 2 questionnaire (GARS-2) for assessing psychometric properties were completed.Results Of the 80 children, 53.9% had gastrointestinal abnormalities. In the GFD group, the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms decreased significantly (P<0.05) after intake of GFD (40.57% vs. 17.10%) but increased insignificantly in the RD group (42.45% vs. 44.05%). GFD intervention resulted in a significant decrease in behavioral disorders (80.03±14.07 vs. 75.82±15.37, P<0.05) but an insignificant increase in the RD group (79.92±15.49 vs. 80.92±16.24).Conclusion This study suggested that GFD may be effective in controlling gastrointestinal symptoms and ASD behaviors.

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  • Large epidemiological studies have implicated dietary factors in some psychiatric disorders as risk factors and potential therapies.

    “a number of large epidemiological studies have implicated dietary factors in some of these disorders [1–5], both in terms of risk factors [6] as well as potential therapies [2, 5, 7].”

    From Role of diet and its effects on the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [5]

  • In ASD cohorts, some evidence supports use of GF/CF diet in amelioration of ASD symptoms, showing decreases in urine peptides, improved behavior, and decreased GI symptoms.

    “some evidence supports the use of this diet in the amelioration of ASD symptoms showing that the GF/CF diet decreases urine peptides, improves behavior [105] and decreases GI symptoms [106]”

    From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [106]

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Authors
Ghalichi, F., Ghaemmaghami, J., Malek, A., & Ostadrahimi, A.
Affiliations
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Corresponding author
Ostadrahimi, Alireza
ORCID
Venue
World Journal of Pediatrics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-06-10
Volume
12
Issue
4
Pages
436-442
ISSN
  • 1708-8569 (ISSN-L)
  • 1867-0687
DOI
10.1007/s12519-016-0040-z
OpenAlex
W2409555233
Cited by
150
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10
FWCI
7.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations
  • World Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
Keywords
gluten-free diet, autism spectrum disorder, gastrointestinal symptoms, behavioral problems, dietary restriction, children, Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, autism etiology
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Child, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Iran, Male, Reference Values, Severity of Illness Index, Treatment Outcome, Patient Selection, Diet, Gluten-Free

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