The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
“When perhaps the real problem is money itself!”: the practical materiality of Bitcoin
Open accessAbstract
This paper investigates the semiotics of Bitcoin, an electronic cash system that uses decentralized networking to enable irreversible payments. For enthusiasts, Bitcoin provides an alternative to currencies and payment systems that are seen to threaten users' privacy, limit personal liberty, and undermine the value of money through state and corporate oversight. Bitcoin's promise lies in its apparent capacity to resolve these concerns not through regulatory institutions or interpersonal trust, but through its cryptographic protocols. We characterize this semiotics as a “practical materialism” and suggest it replays debates about privacy, labor, and value.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, as we have previously argued (Maurer et al., 2013), the discourse around Bitcoin suggests a shared belief that the value of a commodityin this case, a cryptographic one-forms the basis for a shared economy and, thus, community.”
From Social Payments: Innovation, Trust, Bitcoin, and the Sharing Economy (2018) · cites this paper as Maurer et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Ultimately, in early bitcoin, ' trust in the code does not erase entirely the community that bestows it '”
From In Digital We Trust: Bitcoin Discourse, Digital Currencies, and Decentralized Network Fetishism (2018) · cites this paper as Maurer et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Maurer et al. consider that bitcoin represents a promise like any other money form, ' but a promise underwritten and backed by an algorithm and its manifestation in a digital peer-to-peer network '”
From In Digital We Trust: Bitcoin Discourse, Digital Currencies, and Decentralized Network Fetishism (2018) · cites this paper as Maurer et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For them, this is a trust in the code that ' substitutes for the (socially and politically constituted) credibility of persons, institutions, and governments. It is this -not the anonymity or the cryptography or the economics -that makes Bitcoin novel in the long conversation about the nature of money '”
From In Digital We Trust: Bitcoin Discourse, Digital Currencies, and Decentralized Network Fetishism (2018) · cites this paper as Maurer et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Warren, S. D., & Brandeis, L. D. (1890) · University of Washington Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780295803661-014 · Cited by 4,092
Harvard Civil Rights: Civil Liberties Law Review
Alday, R. E. (1993) · Derechos y libertades: Revista de Filosofía del Derecho y derechos humanos · Cited by 1,436
Pocock, J. G. A. (1985) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511720505 · Cited by 1,419
Prophecy and the near future: Thoughts on macroeconomic, evangelical, and punctuated time
Guyer, J. I. (2007) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1525/ae.2007.34.3.409 · Cited by 834
Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software
Kelty, C. M. (2008) · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1198vx9 · Cited by 774
Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-2158 · Cited by 709
Maurer, B. (2006) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123127 · Cited by 544
Self-citationPocock, J. G. A. (1985) · Cited by 498
Heads or Tails? Two Sides of the Coin
Hart, K. (1986) · Man · doi:10.2307/2802901 · Cited by 299
Blanchette, J. (2011) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21542 · Cited by 217
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2005.tb00345.x · DOI
- Ingham G., 2004, Credit and state theory of money, 173
- Maurer B., 2011, The European Electronic Newsletter, 12, 5
- Noizat , P. 2012 . Bitcoin: A universal complementary currency? ParisTech Review , January 20 . http://www.paristechreview.com/2012/01/20/bitcoin-universal-complementary-currency/ .
- 10.2307/1321160 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cheah, J. E., & Fry, J. M. (2015) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2015.02.029 · Cited by 1,386
Introduction—Platforms and Infrastructures in the Digital Age
Constantinides, P., Henfridsson, O., & Parker, G. G. (2018) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2018.0794 · Cited by 943
Hawlitschek, F., Notheisen, B., & Teubner, T. (2018) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2018.03.005 · Cited by 768
Price Fluctuations and the Use of Bitcoin: An Empirical Inquiry
Polasik, M., Piotrowska, A. I., Wisniewski, T. P., Kotkowski, R., & Lightfoot, G. (2015) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10864415.2016.1061413 · Cited by 418
Blockchain as a confidence machine: The problem of trust & challenges of governance
De Filippi, P., Mannan, M., & Reijers, W. (2020) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284 · Cited by 406
Bitcoin, Blockchain and Fintech: a systematic review and case studies in the supply chain
Wamba, S. F., Kamdjoug, J. R. K., Bawack, R. E., & Keogh, J. G. (2019) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2019.1631460 · Cited by 440
Toward an Ethics of Algorithms: Convening, Observation, Probability, and Timeliness
Ananny, M. (2016) · Science, Technology, & Human Values · doi:10.1177/0162243915606523 · Cited by 395
Predicting Fluctuations in Cryptocurrency Transactions Based on User Comments and Replies
Kim, Y., Kim, J. G., Kim, W., Im, J., Kim, T. H., Kang, S.-J., & Kim, C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161197 · Cited by 303
Peters, G. W., Panayi, E., & Chapelle, A. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2646618 · Cited by 265
Cryptocurrencies and Business Ethics
Dierksmeier, C., & Seele, P. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3298-0 · Cited by 259
On the multiple frontiers of extraction: excavating contemporary capitalism
Mezzadra, S., & Neilson, B. (2017) · Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/09502386.2017.1303425 · Cited by 305
Dodd, N. (2017) · Theory Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0263276417746464 · Cited by 259
Notheisen, B., Cholewa, J. B., & Shanmugam, A. P. (2017) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-017-0499-8 · Cited by 215
What was Bitcoin, what will it be? The techno-economic imaginaries of a new money technology
Swartz, L. (2018) · Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/09502386.2017.1416420 · Cited by 223
Self-citationSpeaking to the people? Money, trust, and central bank legitimacy in the age of quantitative easing
Braun, B. (2016) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2016.1252415 · Cited by 189
Who Uses Bitcoin? An exploration of the Bitcoin community
Bohr, J., & Bashir, M. N. (2014) · Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust · doi:10.1109/pst.2014.6890928 · Cited by 188
Algorithmic Authority: The Case of Bitcoin
Lustig, C., & Nardi, B. (2015) · 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.1109/hicss.2015.95 · Cited by 166
Global drivers of cryptocurrency infrastructure adoption
Saiedi, E., Broström, A., & Ruiz, F. (2020) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-019-00309-8 · Cited by 183
Is Bitcoin a currency, a technology-based product, or something else?
White, R., Marinakis, Y., Islam, N., & Walsh, S. T. (2019) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119877 · Cited by 164
Social Payments: Innovation, Trust, Bitcoin, and the Sharing Economy
Collaborative:, F. O. M. R., Nelms, T. C., Maurer, B., Swartz, L., & Mainwaring, S. (2018) · Theory, Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0263276417746466 · Cited by 161
Self-citationSerada, A., Sihvonen, T., & Harviainen, J. T. (2020) · Games and Culture · doi:10.1177/1555412019898305 · Cited by 155
Book-Smart, Not Street-Smart: Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts and The Social Workings of Law
Levy, K. (2017) · Engaging Science Technology and Society · doi:10.17351/ests2017.107 · Cited by 117
Decentralization: an incomplete ambition
(2019) · doi:10.1080/17530350.2019.1589553 · Cited by 141
Baur, A. W., Bühler, J., Bick, M., & Bonorden, C. S. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25013-7_6 · Cited by 151
Mezzadra, S., & Neilson, B. (2015) · South Atlantic Quarterly · doi:10.1215/00382876-2831246 · Cited by 120
Analyzing the Bitcoin Ponzi Scheme Ecosystem
Vasek, M., & Moore, T. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58820-8_8 · Cited by 118
Bjerg, O. (2015) · Theory Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0263276415619015 · Cited by 116
The Socio-Technological Lives of Bitcoin
Hayes, A. S. (2019) · Theory Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0263276419826218 · Cited by 132
Qualia and Ontology: Language, Semiotics, and Materiality; an Introduction
Chumley, L. H. (2017) · Signs and Society · doi:10.1086/690190 · Cited by 112
Self-Sovereignty for Refugees? The Contested Horizons of Digital Identity
Cheesman, M. (2022) · Geopolitics · doi:10.1080/14650045.2020.1823836 · Cited by 109
Data Money: The Socio-Technical Infrastructure of Cryptocurrency Blockchains
Çalışkan, K. (2018) · Economy and Society · doi:10.1080/03085147.2020.1774258 · Cited by 110
Blockchain Evaluation Approaches: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspective
Smetanin, S., Ometov, A., Komarov, M. M., Mašek, P., & Koucheryavy, Y. A. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20123358 · Cited by 101
Cryptocurrencies in Modern Finance: A Literature Review
Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., & Keogh, J. G. (2021) · ETIKONOMI · doi:10.15408/etk.v20i1.16911 · Cited by 121
Umar, M., Rizvi, S. K. A., & Naqvi, B. (2020) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120450 · Cited by 93
Perspectives on the postdigital: Beyond rhetorics of progress and novelty
Taffel, S. (2016) · Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/1354856514567827 · Cited by 92
Market risk and Bitcoin returns
Koutmos, D. (2019) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-019-03255-6 · Cited by 92
Road block(chain): bit(coin)s for tourism sustainable development goals?
Tham, A., & Σιγάλα, Μ. (2020) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology · doi:10.1108/jhtt-05-2019-0069 · Cited by 94
How cryptocurrency affects economy? A network analysis using bibliometric methods
Yao, Y., Li, X., Zhang, D., & Wang, S. (2021) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101869 · Cited by 91
User perception of Bitcoin usability and security across novice users
Alshamsi, A., & András, P. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.02.004 · Cited by 88
From ambivalence to trust: Using blockchain in customer loyalty programs
Utz, M., Johanning, S., Roth, T., Brückner, T., & Strüker, J. (2022) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102496 · Cited by 108
Mine the gap: Bitcoin and the maintenance of trustlessness
Vidan, G., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444818786220 · Cited by 82
In Digital We Trust: Bitcoin Discourse, Digital Currencies, and Decentralized Network Fetishism
Baldwin, J. (2018) · Palgrave Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0065-0 · Cited by 79
Analysis of the Cryptocurrency Adoption Decision: Literature Review
Alzahrani, S., & Daim, T. U. (2019) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.23919/picmet.2019.8893819 · Cited by 77
What’s holding back blockchain finance? On the possibility of decentralized autonomous finance
Harwick, C., & Caton, J. (2020) · The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2020.09.006 · Cited by 75
Of Two Minds, Multiple Addresses, and One Ledger
Gao, X., Clark, G. D., & Lindqvist, J. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858049 · Cited by 73
Developing a Digital Currency from an Islamic Perspective: Case of Blockchain Technology
Zubaidi, I. B., & Abdullah, A. (2017) · International Business Research · doi:10.5539/ibr.v10n11p79 · Cited by 72
Kim, M. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102606 · Cited by 71
Cryptocurrency adoption: a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis
Sousa, A., Calçada, E., Rodrigues, P. C. L., & Borges, A. P. (2022) · EuroMed Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/emjb-01-2022-0003 · Cited by 71
A Literature Review on Bitcoin: Transformation of Crypto Currency Into a Global Phenomenon
Arunmozhi, M., Sreedharan, V. R., Rejikumar, G., & Marwaha, D. (2019) · IEEE Engineering Management Review · doi:10.1109/emr.2019.2901431 · Cited by 67
Cryptocurrencies: an unconventional challenge to the AML/CFT regulators?
Dostov, V., & Shust, P. M. (2014) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/jfc-06-2013-0043 · Cited by 65
(1954) · The News Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association · doi:10.2307/1346309 · Cited by 66
Demiralay, S., Gencer, H. G., & Bayracı, S. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120989 · Cited by 69
Crypto‐miners: Digital labor and the power of blockchain technology
Calvão, F. (2018) · Economic Anthropology · doi:10.1002/sea2.12136 · Cited by 67
Bitcoin as Politics: Distributed Right-Wing ExtremismPreprint
Golumbia, D. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2589890 · Cited by 64
Computational parasites and hydropower: A political ecology of Bitcoin mining on the Columbia River
Lally, N., Kay, K., & Thatcher, J. (2022) · Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848619867608 · Cited by 43
Intrinsic value in crypto currencies
García-Monleón, F., del Valle, I. D., & Lara, F. J. (2020) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120393 · Cited by 58
Ajouz, M., Abdullah, A., & Kassim, S. (2019) · Thunderbird International Business Review · doi:10.1002/tie.22106 · Cited by 57
Economic Theory and the Roman Monetary Economy
Elliott, C. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108290531 · Cited by 56
Renwick, R., & Gleasure, R. (2020) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1177/0268396220944406 · Cited by 63
Exploring Motivations for Bitcoin Technology Usage
Khairuddin, I. E., Sas, C., Clinch, S., & Davies, N. (2016) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2851581.2892500 · Cited by 56
Jabbar, K., & Bjørn, P. (2017) · International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP) · doi:10.1145/3148330.3148345 · Cited by 58
Liu, A., Liu, T., Mou, J., & Wang, R. (2020) · Journal of Management Science and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jmse.2020.06.001 · Cited by 56
A scientometric review of blockchain research
Zhou, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., Zheng, R., & Song, K. (2020) · Information Systems and e-Business Management · doi:10.1007/s10257-020-00461-9 · Cited by 58
Bitcoin in the economics and finance literature: a survey
Kayal, P., & Rohilla, P. (2021) · SN Business & Economics · doi:10.1007/s43546-021-00090-5 · Cited by 55
Territories of poverty: rethinking north and south
Roy, A. (2014) · TERRITORIO · doi:10.3280/tr2014-068008 · Cited by 54
Dynamic linkages among cryptocurrencies, exchange rates and global equity markets
Kostika, E., & Laopodis, N. T. (2019) · Studies in Economics and Finance · doi:10.1108/sef-01-2019-0032 · Cited by 53
Steps towards an ecology of money infrastructures: materiality and cultures of Ripple
Rella, L. (2020) · Journal of Cultural Economy · doi:10.1080/17530350.2020.1711532 · Cited by 62
Ortolani, P. (2019) · Uniform Law Review · doi:10.1093/ulr/unz017 · Cited by 51
On Not Being a Sign: Gold’s Semiotic Claims
Ferry, E. (2016) · Signs and Society · doi:10.1086/685055 · Cited by 49
Bitcoin as a digital commodity
Rotta, T. N., & Paraná, E. (2022) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2022.2054966 · Cited by 48
Fintech and the Future of Financial Services: What Are the Research Gaps?Preprint
Kavuri, A. S., & Milne, A. K. L. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3333515 · Cited by 48
Bitcoin and Potosí Silver: Historical Perspectives on Cryptocurrency
Zimmer, Z. (2017) · Technology and Culture · doi:10.1353/tech.2017.0038 · Cited by 56
Cryptocurrencies and the emergence of blockocracy
Kavanagh, D., & Ennis, P. J. (2020) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2020.1795958 · Cited by 47
Lustig, C. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359312 · Cited by 47
Rosales, A. (2021) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102167 · Cited by 47
The myths and legends of king Satoshi and the knights of blockchain
Faustino, S., Faria, I., & Marques, R. (2021) · Journal of Cultural Economy · doi:10.1080/17530350.2021.1921830 · Cited by 46
Loginova, E., Tsang, W. K., van Heijningen, G., Kerkhove, L.-P., & Benoit, D. F. (2021) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/s10994-021-06095-3 · Cited by 48
Bitcoin and modern alchemy: in code we trust
Simser, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/jfc-11-2013-0067 · Cited by 45
What Motivates People to Use Bitcoin?
Bashir, M. N., Bloch, B. S., & Bohr, J. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47874-6_25 · Cited by 45
Brekke, J. K. (2020) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2020.1806223 · Cited by 45
Theorizing the 2017 blockchain ICO bubble as a network scam
Swartz, L. (2022) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221099224 · Cited by 45
Self-citationEvaluation of the Cryptocurrency Adoption Decision Using Hierarchical Decision Modeling (HDM)
Alzahrani, S., & Daim, T. U. (2019) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.23919/picmet.2019.8893897 · Cited by 44
The senatorial governance of Bitcoin: making (de)centralized money
Parkin, J. (2019) · Economy and Society · doi:10.1080/03085147.2019.1678262 · Cited by 43
Schneider, N. (2024) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520393950 · Cited by 43
Ante, L. (2020) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03492-8 · Cited by 45
Radical rentierism: gold mining, cryptocurrency and commodity collateralization in Venezuela
Rosales, A. (2019) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1625422 · Cited by 53
Re-risking in Realtime. On Possible Futures for Finance after the Blockchain
Maurer, B. (2016) · FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) · doi:10.6094/behemoth.2016.9.2.917 · Cited by 40
Self-citationGodsiff, P. (2015) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19728-9_16 · Cited by 40
(2014) · HAL · Cited by 39
Cryptocurrencies and Bitcoin: Charting the Research Landscape
Morisse, M. (2015) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 37
Expansive and extractive networks of Web3
Sadowski, J., & Beegle, K. (2023) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517231159629 · Cited by 37
Tribal Governance: The Business of Blockchain Authentication
Miscione, G., Ziolkowski, R., Zavolokina, L., & Schwabe, G. (2018) · Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2018.566 · Cited by 38
Trust in blockchain-based systems
Becker, M. Y., & Bodó, B. (2021) · Internet Policy Review · doi:10.14763/2021.2.1555 · Cited by 43
Growing the Blockchain Information Infrastructure
Jabbar, K., & Bjørn, P. (2017) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025959 · Cited by 35
Zhang, X., Yang, L., & Zhu, Y. (2019) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2019.04.149 · Cited by 35
Blockchain archival discourse: Trust and the imaginaries of digital preservation
Woodall, A., & Ringel, S. (2019) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819888756 · Cited by 45
Cryptocurrencies as market singularities: the strange case of Bitcoin
Dallyn, S. (2017) · Journal of Cultural Economy · doi:10.1080/17530350.2017.1315541 · Cited by 55
Bitcoin and Beyond: Exclusively Informational MoneyPreprint
Bergstra, J. A., & de Leeuw, K. (2013) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 33
Fintech and the Future of Financial Services: What are the Research Gaps?Preprint
Kavuri, A. S., & Milne, A. K. L. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3215849 · Cited by 33
A Systematic Overview of Blockchain Research
Wang, G., Zhang, S., Yu, T., & Ning, Y. (2021) · 系统科学与信息学报(英文) · doi:10.21078/jssi-2021-205-34 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Maurer, B., Nelms, T. C., & Swartz, L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maurer, Bill
- Venue
- Social Semiotics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 261-277
- ISSN
- 1035-0330 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-1219
- OpenAlex
- W1993755359
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 319.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Social Semiotics (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0960423)
- University of California, Irvine
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Semiotics and Representation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Social Sciences › Communication › Cultural Studies and Postmodernism
- Keywords
- Bitcoin, semiotics, practical materialism, electronic money, decentralized networks, cryptographic protocols, privacy, money, values, labor, alternative currencies, payment systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review