The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
All the News That’s Fit to Click: The Economics of Clickbait Media
Abstract
The news media industry has changed as the internet and social media have matured and become integral to modern life. I describe these changes through a theoretical analysis of the economic structure of the industry and explore the implications for scholars of online media and politics. The crux of my argument is that social media simultaneously serves as a distribution platform and reputation builder, as social recommendations take the place of expensive investments in high-quality journalism. This development rendered crucial portions of previous models of the market for news inaccurate due to the declining importance of firm reputation. This mechanism interacts with the massive heterogeneity in digital literacy and growing animosity toward the news media among conservatives to create “credibility cascades,” which I argue are a necessary condition for Fake News to flourish.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In journalism, investigative pieces are struggling to compete with sensationalist content and 'clickbait' headlines (Chakraborty et al., 2016; Munger, 2020).”
From The Second Wave of Attention Economics. Attention as a Universal Symbolic Currency on Social Media and beyond (2025) · cites this paper as Munger, 2020
Citations
Cites
Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election
Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211 · Cited by 6,767
Eulau, H. H. F. (1960) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952653 · Cited by 4,744
An economic theory of political action in a democracy
Downs, A. (1957) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/257897 · Cited by 3,300
When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · Cited by 3,173
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs038 · Cited by 2,996
Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5486 · Cited by 1,800
Achen, C. H., & Bartels, L. M. (2016) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400882731 · Cited by 1,736
Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook
Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau4586 · Cited by 1,652
Prior, M. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139878425 · Cited by 1,646
Contestable Markets: An Uprising in the Theory of Industry Structure
Baumöl, W. J. (2003) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781035304950.00015 · Cited by 1,588
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- DiMaggio P., 2001, Princeton: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, 4, 4
- Messing S., 2012, Communication Research
- 10.1515/9781400865871 · DOI · Paper page
- Nicas J., 2016, Wall Street Journal
- Nielsen J., 2016, The distribution of users’ computer skills: Worse than you think
- Smith A., 2018, Social media use in 2018
- Wallenstein A., 2013, Variety
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Disinformation as Political Communication
Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755 · Cited by 708
Reshares on social media amplify political news but do not detectably affect beliefs or opinions
Guess, A. M., Malhotra, N., Pan, J., Barberá, P., Allcott, H., Brown, T., Crespo-Tenorio, A., Dimmery, D., Freelon, D., Gentzkow, M., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.add8424 · Cited by 184
Online searches to evaluate misinformation can increase its perceived veracity
Aslett, K., Sanderson, Z., Godel, W., Persily, N., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06883-y · Cited by 151
Lischka, J. A., & Garz, M. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211027174 · Cited by 92
Uncovering the Truth about Fake News: A Research Model Grounded in Multi-Disciplinary Literature
George, J. J., Gerhart, N., & Torres, R. (2021) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2021.1990608 · Cited by 93
Metadata
- Authors
- Munger, K.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Munger, Kevin
- ORCID
- Munger, Kevin
- Venue
- Political Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-12-03
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 376-397
- ISSN
- 1058-4609 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-7675
- OpenAlex
- W2992434016
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 24.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Political Communication (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Keywords
- clickbait, social media, corporate reputation, news dissemination, social recommendation, digital literacy, fake news, news quality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review