Communication Competence, Social Support, and Depression Among College Students: A Model of Facebook and Face-to-Face Support Network Influence

Wright, Kevin B.; Rosenberg, Jenny; Egbert, Nicole; Ploeger, Nicole A.; Bernard, Daniel R.; King, Shawn

doi:10.1080/10810730.2012.688250

Cited by 243Impact of Technology on AdolescentsAttachment and Relationship DynamicsStudent Stress and Coping

Communication Competence, Social Support, and Depression Among College Students: A Model of Facebook and Face-to-Face Support Network Influence

Wright, Kevin B., Rosenberg, Jenny, Egbert, Nicole, Ploeger, Nicole A., Bernard, Daniel R., King, Shawn·2013·Journal of Health Communication

DOI 10.1080/10810730.2012.688250

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Abstract

This study examined the influence of the social networking site Facebook and face-to-face support networks on depression among (N = 361) college students. The authors used the Relational Health Communication Competence Model as a framework for examining the influence of communication competence on social support network satisfaction and depression. Moreover, they examined the influence of interpersonal and social integrative motives as exogenous variables. On the basis of previous work, the authors propose and test a theoretical model using structural equation modeling. The results indicated empirical support for the model, with interpersonal motives predicting increased face-to-face and computer-mediated competence, increased social support satisfaction with face-to-face and Facebook support, and lower depression scores. The implications of the findings for theory, key limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

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Positive correlations were found between depression and negative social networking interactions.
“positive correlations were found between depression and negative social networking interactions, 34,39,40”
From The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [34]
Gender and personality were found to influence the relationship between online social networking and depression.
“Gender and personality were also found to influence the relationship between online social networking and depression, 27,34,35,45,47 highlighting the role of individual differences alongside usage variables cited above.”
From The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [34]

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Gilmour, J., Machin, T., Brownlow, C., & Jeffries, C. (2020) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000246 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“+ ++ + + Satisfactory Wright et al. (2013) Crosssectional survey.”
BackgroundInfluential
Social Media Use and Perceived Emotional Support Among US Young Adults
Shensa, A. S., Sidani, J. E., Lin, L. Y., Bowman, N. D., & Primack, B. A. (2015) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-015-0128-8 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Furthermore, findings from another recent study indicated that—while online social networking was weakly associated with decreased depression—social support from Facebook had less of an association with reduced depression than did face-to-face social network support [28].”
Background
The serially mediated relationship between emerging adults’ social media use and mental well-being
Rasmussen, E. E., Punyanunt-Carter, N. M., LaFreniere, J. R., Norman, M. S., & Kimball, T. G. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.019 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of social network site use and social support
Liu, D., Wright, K. B., & Hu, B. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.08.024 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citation
Activities on Facebook Reveal the Depressive State of Users
Park, S., Lee, S. W., Kwak, J.-A., Cha, M., & Jeong, B. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2718 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Previous studies also showed that interpersonal relationships in Facebook are helpful in improving depression [49].”
Background
Giving and receiving emotional support online: Communication competence as a moderator of psychosocial benefits for women with breast cancer
Yoo, W., Namkoong, K., Choi, M., Shah, D. V., Tsang, S. J., Hong, Y., Aguilar, M., & Gustafson, D. H. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.024 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Social Support and Computer-Mediated Communication: A State-of-the-Art Review and Agenda for Future Research
Rains, S. A., & Wright, K. B. (2016) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2015.11735260 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Participants who were exposed to a hypothetical SNS page in which emotional distress was communicated using a status message, the relationship feature, and profile picture were less willing to provide emotional and network support to the distressed person than when only one feature was used to convey distress.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Mother, baby and Facebook makes three: does social media provide social support for new mothers?
Archer, C. J., & Kao, K.-T. (2018) · Media International Australia · doi:10.1177/1329878x18783016 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“One study found that the number of hours students spent on Facebook was linked to depression (Wright et al., 2013).”
Background
Facebook use and its association with subjective happiness and loneliness
Phu, B., & Gow, A. J. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.020 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“, 2007; Tosun, 2012; Kim & Lee, 2010), while other studies claim it is detrimental (Brooks, 2015; Denti et al., 2012; Satici & Uysal, 2015; Wright et al., 2013), it is important to better understand the the potential consequences of usage and to explain those apparently inconsistent findings.”
BackgroundInfluential
Relationships between addictive Facebook use, depressiveness, insomnia, and positive mental health in an inpatient sample: A German longitudinal study
Brailovskaia, J., Rohmann, E., Bierhoff, H., Margraf, J., & Köllner, V. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.63 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“, writing of status updates and of comments), whereby they often disclose their sorrows and typically receive emotional support from their online friends (Sinclair & Grieve, 2017; Wright et al., 2013).”
Background
Disclosures about important life events on Facebook: Relationships with stress and quality of life
Bevan, J. L., Gomez, R., & Sparks, L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.021 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“For example, spending a great deal of time on Facebook was negatively related to self-esteem (Kalpidou, Costin, & Morris, 2011) and was positively correlated with depression (Wright et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResult
Social Skills, Social Support, and Psychological Distress: A Test of the Social Skills Deficit Vulnerability Model
Segrin, C. G., McNelis, M., & Swiatkowski, P. (2015) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12070 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Frequent Interaction and Fast Feedback Predict Perceived Social Support: Using Crawled and Self-Reported Data of Facebook Users
Seo, M., Kim, J., & Yang, H. (2016) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12160 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“In contrast, others argue that spending a great deal of time on Facebook reduce self-esteem (Kalpidou, Costin& Morris, 2011), increase depression (Wright et al., 2013), and dissatisfy deep relatedness need (e.”
Background
Association between social media use (Twitter, Instagram, Facebook) and depressive symptoms: Are Twitter users at higher risk?
Jeri-Yabar, A., Sanchez-Carbonel, A., Tito, K., Ramirez-delCastillo, J., Torres-Alcantara, A., Denegri, D., & Carreazo, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764018814270 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Weak-Tie Support Network Preference, Health-Related Stigma, and Health Outcomes in Computer-Mediated Support Groups
Wright, K. B., & Rains, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2013.792435 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citation
All my online-friends are better than me – three studies about ability-based comparative social media use, self-esteem, and depressive tendencies
Ozimek, P., & Bierhoff, H. (2019) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1642385 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Nurses eat their young”: A novel bullying educational program for student nurses
Gillespie, G. L., Grubb, P. L., Brown, K., Boesch, M. C., & Ulrich, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v7n7p11 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“For example, Wright, Rosenberg, Egbert, et al.[57] compared the use of face-to-face interactions to Facebook interactions for the outcome of student depression.”
Background
Social comparisons, social media addiction, and social interaction: An examination of specific social media behaviors related to major depressive disorder in a millennial population
Robinson, A. D., Aguilar‐Bonnette, A., Howard, K. J., Ceballos, N. A., Dailey, S. L., Lu, Y., & Grimes, T. (2019) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12158 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Social Media and Mental Health Among Early Adolescents in Sweden: A Longitudinal Study With 2-Year Follow-Up (KUPOL Study).
Beeres, D. T., Andersson, F., Vossen, H. G. M., & Galanti, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.042 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Social media use and well-being in people with physical disabilities: Influence of SNS and online community uses on social support, depression, and psychological disposition
Lee, H. E., & Cho, J. (2019) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1455138 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Moreover, researchers have consistently found that social support also contributes to decreases in depression levels in populations with or without disabilities (Cohen & Hoberman, 1983; Wright et al., 2013).”
Background
The association between self-reported depressive symptoms and the use of social networking sites (sns): a meta-analysis
Vahedi, Z., & Zannella, L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0150-6 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…Non-specific Addictive use Germany Published BSI Modified version of the short Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT-SNS) Woods and Scott (2016) N = 467; M =N/A N/A% Female Non-specific General UK Published HADS – Wright et al. (2013) N = 361; M = 20.26 53.5% Female 77% Facebook General USA…”
BackgroundInfluential
Trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to emerging adulthood: The influence of parents, peers, and siblings.
Finan, L. J., Ohannessian, C. M., & Gordon, M. S. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000543 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Social support from friends (Jenkins, Belanger, Connally, Boals, & Durón, 2013) and satisfaction with social support (Wright et al., 2013) have been negatively associated with emerging adult depressive symptoms.”
Exploring breastfeeding support on social media
Bridges, N., Howell, G., & Schmied, V. A. (2018) · International Breastfeeding Journal · doi:10.1186/s13006-018-0166-9 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Telling stories about breastfeeding through Facebook: The impact of user-generated content (UGC) on pro-breastfeeding attitudes
Jin, S. A., Phua, J., & Lee, K. M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.046 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“…an effective tool for health communication (Gibbons et al., 2011; Kontos, Emmons, Puleo, & Viswanath, 2010; Levine et al., 2011; Park et al., 2013; Wright et al., 2013), there is a dearth of lab experimental research on the causal effects of Web 2.0 features and UGC in SNSs on the dynamics of…”
MethodInfluential
Are depression and social anxiety the missing link between Facebook addiction and life satisfaction? The interactive effect of needs and self-regulation
Foroughi, B., Iranmanesh, M., Nikbin, D., & Hyun, S. S. (2019) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2019.101247 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ile Depresyon Arasındaki İlişki: “Üniversite Gençliği Üzerine Bir Saha Araştırması”
Balcı, Ş., & Baloğlu, E. (2018) · Galatasaray Üniversitesi İleti-ş-im Dergisi · doi:10.16878/gsuilet.500860 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Social media and life satisfaction among college students: A moderated mediation model of SNS communication network heterogeneity and social self-efficacy on satisfaction with campus life
Kim, Y., Kim, B., Hwang, H., & Lee, D. (2019) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2018.12.001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…the conflicting findings regarding the relationship between social media use and psychological wellbeing as explained above (e.g., Ryan & Xenos, 2011; Valenzuela et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2016; Wright et al., 2013), which suggests that there could be moderating variables in that relationship.”
Background
Harnessing Facebook for Smoking Reduction and Cessation Interventions: Facebook User Engagement and Social Support Predict Smoking Reduction
Kim, S. J., Marsch, L. A., Brunette, M. F., & Dallery, J. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6681 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…on a 7-point semantic differential scale [44], readiness to quit on a 10-point Likert scale [41,45], motivation to quit [39], self-efficacy beliefs on a 7-point Likert scale (adopted from Wei et al study [46] and modified for the study), and perceived social support on a 5-point Likert scale [47].”
Is there any ‘Facebook Depression’? Exploring the moderating roles of neuroticism, Facebook social comparison and envy
Chow, T., & Wan, H.-Y. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.032 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Life Challenges and Barriers to Help Seeking: Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Voices of Mental Health
Hellström, L., & Beckman, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413101 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Previous studies among young adults (18–22 years) report associations between overall time spent on social media and ill-being [19,20] as well as the number of social media sites used and depression and anxiety symptoms [21].”
Background
Are Facebook “Friends” Helpful? Development of a Facebook-Based Measure of Social Support and Examination of Relationships Among Depression, Quality of Life, and Social Support
McCloskey, W., Iwanicki, S., Lauterbach, D., Giammittorio, D. M., & Maxwell, K. (2015) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0538 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“33 It is important to reiterate, however, that the extant research in the area of Facebook-based social support has utilized adapted versions of existing measures to assess social support on Facebook or used ‘‘home grown’’ measures 49 84 Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) 6 selected items Indian and Grieve, 2014 30 29…”
Qzone use and depression among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model
Niu, G., Luo, Y., Sun, X., Zhou, Z., Yu, F., Yang, S., & Zhao, L. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.013 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Research has also revealed the positive association between SNS use and depression (Tandoc et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2013).”
Background
Young Adult Depression and Anxiety Linked to Social Media Use: Assessment and Treatment
Bettmann, J. E., Anstadt, G., Casselman, B., & Ganesh, K. (2020) · Clinical social work journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-020-00752-1
The relationship between short-form video use and depression among Chinese adolescents: Examining the mediating roles of need gratification and short-form video addiction
Zhu, C., Jiang, Y., Lei, H., Wang, H., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30346 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Some studies have shown that social need gratification can negatively predict adolescent depression [47, 48].”
Background
The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences
Căpiță, L. E., Huijgen, T., & Căpiță, C. (2016) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Scale of Motives for Using Social Networking Sites (SMU-SNS) for adolescents and youths
Pertegal, M.-Á., Delgado, A. O., & Rodríguez‐Meirinhos, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225781 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The motives related to maintaining contact and following friends has been positively associated with higher perceived social support in real life and therefore with lower perceived loneliness [40].”
Background
What to Say to an Online Support‐Seeker? The Influence of Others' Responses and Support‐Seekers' Replies
Li, S.-Y., & Feng, B. (2015) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12055 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Use of social network sites among depressed adolescents
Gürbüz, H. G. A., Demir, T., Özcan, B. G., Kadak, M. T., & Poyraz, B. Ç. (2016) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2016.1262898 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Studies on the relationship between adolescent depression and SNS use are usually conducted with adults and college students (Moreno et al. 2011, 2012; Jelenchick, Eickhoff, and Moreno 2013;Wright et al. 2013; Błachnio, Przepiórka, and Pantic 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Active and Passive Behavior in Social Media: Validating the Social Media Activity Questionnaire (SMAQ)
Ozimek, P., Brailovskaia, J., & Bierhoff, H. (2022) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2023.100048 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Language Style Matching as a Predictor of Perceived Social Support in Computer-Mediated Interaction Among Individuals Coping With Illness
Rains, S. A. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650214565920 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Online support groups (Tanis, 2009), blogs (Rains & Keating, 2011), and social network websites (Wright, Rosenberg, Egbert, Ploeger, & Bernard, 2012) can serve as a valuable support resource.”
Background
Functions of Social Support and Self-Verification in Association with Loneliness, Depression, and Stress
Wright, K. B., King, S., & Rosenberg, J. (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.798385 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…and depression (Aneshensel & Frerichs, 1982; Fenlason & Beehr, 1994; Gerrits, van der Zandn, Vissher, & Conijn, 2007; Lieberman & Goldstein, 2005; Wright et al., 2013), and it has also been found to be a key variable in terms of increasing perceptions of social integration and reducing feelings…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Does social network site use buffer against well-being loss when older adults face reduced functional ability?
van Ingen, E. J., Rains, S. A., & Wright, K. B. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.058 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Social Online-Self-Regulation-Theory
Ozimek, P., & Förster, J. (2021) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000304 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Direct and Indirect Effects of Self-efficacy on Depression: The Mediating Role of Dispositional Optimism
Pu, J., Hou, H., & Ma, R. (2016) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9429-z · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…Economics, No.10, Huixindong St, Beijing, Chaoyang District, China 2 School of Business, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China 3 School of Insurance, University of International Business and Economics, No.10, Huixindong St, Beijing, Chaoyang District, China Wright et al. 2013).”
Helpful or Harmful? The Different Relationships Between Private Facebook Interactions and Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms
Frison, E., Bastin, M., Bijttebier, P., & Eggermont, S. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1429933 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…interactions, perceived online social support, and adolescents’ depressive symptoms will be stronger for girls than for boys, as studies have pointed out gender differences in online social support (e.g., Wright et al., 2013), with girls being more satisfied with their FB social support than boys.”
Background
Seeking and Sharing Mental Health Information on Social Media During COVID-19: Role of Depression and Anxiety, Peer Support, and Health Benefits
Akhther, N., & Sopory, P. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-021-00239-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Perceived emotional support can reduce perceived life stress and depression scores (Frison & Eggermont, 2015; Wright et al., 2013).”
Background
Exploring the Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 Social Restrictions on International University Students: A Qualitative Study
Al‐Oraibi, A., Fothergill, L., Yıldırım, M., Knight, H., Carlisle, S., O’Connor, M., Briggs, L., Morling, J. R., Corner, J. L., Ball, J. K., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137631 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mobile Social Media Use and Trailing Parents’ Life Satisfaction: Social Capital and Social Integration Perspective
Zhao, L., Liang, C., & Gu, D. (2020) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415020905549 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“For example, it can make users feel lonely and depressed (Phu & Gow, 2019), especially when overused (Wright et al., 2013), thus affecting their social activities and relationships (Yoo & Jeong, 2017).”
Background
“Same stuff different day:” A mixed-method study of support seeking on Facebook
Blight, M. G., Jagiello, K., & Ruppel, E. K. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.029 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Research also suggests that general perceptions of support on Facebook are associated with communication competence (Wright et al., 2013), source similarity (Wright, 2012), source attraction (Wright, 2012), and offline support (Indian & Grieve, 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Exploring associations between young adults’ facebook use and psychological well-being: A goal hierarchy approach
Jung, Y., Pawlowski, S. D., & Kim, H. (2016) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.10.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Why Social Comparison on Instagram Matters: Its impact on Depression
Hwnag, H. S. (2019) · KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems · doi:10.3837/tiis.2019.03.029 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Research has also shown a positive association between the number of hours college students use Facebook and depression [34].”
Background
Social media use and its impact on adults' mental health and well‐being: A scoping review
Koh, G. K., Yong, J. Q. Y. O., Lee, A. R. Y. B., Ong, B. S. Y., Yau, C. E., Ho, C. S. H., & Goh, Y. S. (2024) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12727 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Passive Facebook Use and Depression
TOSUN, L. P., & Kaşdarma, E. (2019) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000269 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Impact of peer support on student mental wellbeing: a systematic review
John, N. M., Page, O., Martin, S. C., & Whittaker, P. (2018) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.15694/mep.2018.0000170.1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Facebook addiction and depression: Loneliness as a moderator and poor sleep quality as a mediator
Ho, T. T. Q. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101617 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Psychologist in a Pocket: Lexicon Development and Content Validation of a Mobile-Based App for Depression Screening
Cheng, P. G. F., Ramos, R. M., Bitsch, J. Á., Jonas, S., Ix, T., See, P. L. Q., & Wehrle, K. (2016) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.5284 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…symptoms of depression or expose at-risk and fatal suicidal behaviors: disclosing feelings of depression through status updates on Facebook [35,36], decreasing levels of social activity accompanied by increasing levels of negative emotions, and interest in medication [22,37], reading more…”
Misery rarely gets company: The influence of emotional bandwidth on supportive communication on Facebook
High, A. C., Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., & Bellur, S. S. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.037 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“More precisely, greater investment in Facebook elicits stronger feelings of support, and spending more time on the site and maintaining a larger network of friends corresponds with greater support satisfaction (Wright et al., 2013).”
Background
Optimistic Bias and Facebook Use: Self–Other Discrepancies About Potential Risks and Benefits of Facebook Use
Kim, S., & Hancock, J. (2015) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0656 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“5 A number of studies also report negative outcomes associated with social media use, such as decreased self-esteem and happiness, 6 increased psychological distress, 7 a sense of social isolation and jeal-ousy, 5,8 conﬂict among romantic partners, 9,10 and being victimized by cyberbullying.”
How media multitasking reduces advertising irritation: The moderating role of the Facebook wall
Beuckels, E., Cauberghe, V., & Hudders, L. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.069 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“SNS use could possibly highlight ones shortcomings and has been shown to negatively affect self-esteem in some cases (D’Amato et al., 2012; O’Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011; Wright et al., 2013).”
Background
Examining the Effects of Passive WeChat Use in China
Chen, S., Shao, B., & Zhi, K. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2018.1559535 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“In Wright et al. ’ s (2013) study, the time users spent on social networks had a positive impact on depression.”
Background
Facebook and Face-to-Face: Examining the Short- and Long-Term Reciprocal Effects of Interactions, Perceived Social Support, and Depression among International Students
Billedo, C. J., Kerkhof, P., Finkenauer, C., & Ganzeboom, H. B. G. (2018) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmy025 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Previous studies have established that o ﬄ ine (FtF) and online (SNS) communication contexts both o ﬀ er opportunities to access di ﬀ erent types of support (Trepte et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2013).”
Influence of social support to student learning and development
Baria, K., & Gomez, D. (2022) · International Journal of Research Studies in Education · doi:10.5861/ijrse.2022.112 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Social Network Site Usage and Personal Relations of Migrants
Damian, E., & van Ingen, E. J. (2014) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc4040640 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“More recently, studies found that also other types of applications, notably SNSs, can provide people with social resources [36–38].”
Background
Correlations of online social network size with well-being and distress: a meta-analysis
Huang, C. (2021) · Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2021-2-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…& Levinson (2015) J US 77 18.91 .77 social anxiety Facebook PF NA -.36 Wilcox & Stephen (2013) J US 380a 29.85 .56 self-esteem Facebook SR NA .13a Wright et al. (2013) J US 361 20.26 .53 depression Facebook SR 560.09 -.02 Yang (2016) J US 208 19.43 .78 loneliness Instagram SR NA -.10a Yang &…”
Influential
Negative psychological and physiological effects of social networking site use: The example of Facebook
Stangl, F. J., Riedl‬, R., Kiemeswenger, R., & Montag, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141663 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“, 2018), number of Facebook friends (Chow and Wan, 2017; Flynn et al., 2018; Labrague, 2014; Locatelli et al., 2012; Park et al., 2013; Tandoc Jr. et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2013), number of Facebook logins (Steers et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Correlates of Turkish Preschool Preservice Teachers’ Social Competence, Empathy and Communication Skills
Ahmetoğlu, E., & Acar, İ. H. (2016) · European Journal of Contemporary Education · doi:10.13187/ejced.2016.16.188 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A trans-diagnostic cognitive behavioural conceptualisation of the positive and negative roles of social media use in adolescents’ mental health and wellbeing
Tibber, M. S., & Silver, E. (2022) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x22000034 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…relationships and a sense of connectedness, may be linked to benefits in terms of reduced psychopathology, including lower levels of depression (Wright et al ., 2013) and anxiety (Reichelt, 2019), as well as improved wellbeing, including higher levels of social support satisfaction (Wright et…”
Exploring Emotional Well-Being in Facebook as a Driver of Impulsive Buying: A Cross-Cultural Approach
Alvarado, N. B. O., Ontiveros, M. R., & Quintanilla, C. (2020) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2020.1722979 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Prevalence of Depression in Medical Students at the Lebanese University and Exploring its Correlation With Facebook Relevance: A Questionnaire Study
Naja, W., Kansoun, A. H., & Haddad, R. S. (2016) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4551 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Facebook improved depression in university students [23] by expressing the opinions of a depressed person that are usually suppressed on a daily basis; this was demonstrated by Questions 6 and 7 on the FbRQ, in addition to the add friend feature, chatting, and the like feature.”
Online social networking sites and mental health research.
Toseeb, U., & Inkster, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00036 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Active and Passive Social Networking Sites Usage and Negative Emotions: A Reciprocal Relationship?
Xin-xue, Z., Rost, D. H., Wang, J., & Reynolds, K. J. (2020) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2020.39.3.195 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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“…a negative impact on users, making users feel lonely and depressed (Hwang & Park, 2011; O’Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011; Phu & Gow, 2019), especially when they are overused (Wright et al., 2013), thus affecting their social activities and forming interpersonal relationships (Yoo & Jeong, 2017).”
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When perceptions defy reality: The relationships between depression and actual and perceived Facebook social support
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Authors: Wright, K. B., Rosenberg, J., Egbert, N., Ploeger, N. A., Bernard, D. R., & King, S.
Affiliations: Saint Louis University (US)
Kent State University (US)
University of Arkansas at Little Rock (US)
Christopher Newport University (US)
University of Oklahoma (US)
Corresponding author: Wright, Kevin B.
ORCID: Wright, Kevin B.
Ploeger, Nicole A.
Venue: Journal of Health Communication
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2012-10-03
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 41-57
ISSN: 1081-0730 (ISSN-L)
1087-0415
DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2012.688250
OpenAlex: W2024646599
Cited by: 242
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 35.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health Communication (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
Keywords: communication competence, social support, depression, university students, Facebook, social networking sites, interpersonal motives, computer-mediated communication, social support satisfaction
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Communication, Depression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Personal Satisfaction, Social Support, Students, Universities, Southwestern United States, Young Adult, Social Networking

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Communication Competence, Social Support, and Depression Among College Students: A Model of Facebook and Face-to-Face Support Network Influence

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