The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A review of the affects of worry and generalized anxiety disorder upon cardiovascular health and coronary heart disease
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aims of this review article are to present psychophysiological and behavioral pathways for the involvement of worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) upon cardiovascular function. The review will focus on persons with and without coronary heart disease (CHD), and encompass etiological and prognostic studies. METHODS: Articles (1975-2011) reporting on GAD or worry affecting CHD prognosis or cardiovascular function were found using MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and PsychINFO database searches, and extracted to form a narrative review. RESULTS: Available evidence in experimental and observational studies in CHD free samples consistently showed that worry was associated with diminished heart rate variability (HRV) and elevated heart rate. Worry and GAD were commonly associated with blood pressure and diagnosed hypertension or medication use in both disease-free and established CHD populations. No evidence was found to support worry being beneficial to cardiovascular function or conducive to health promoting behaviors. The literature indicated that measures of worry were associated with fatal and nonfatal CHD in seven etiological studies of initially disease-free individuals; however, females were underrepresented. Three studies reported that GAD was associated with poorer prognosis in establish CHD, independent of depression. The median GAD prevalence was 10.4% in 3266 patients across 15 studies, suggesting that GAD is marginally less common in CHD samples than is depression. CONCLUSIONS: A growing literature highlights the association between worry and development of CHD. The association between worry, GAD and CHD risk factors (e.g. blood pressure), and HRV are leading mechanisms of cardiopathogenesis that may affect cardiovascular function. Findings regarding worry and GAD in established CHD are less clear.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition to the profound negative impact on individuals’ wellbeing and functioning, they are associated with worsened physical health, including a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality.”
From Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
Citations
Cites
Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074 · Cited by 1,643
Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry
Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00136-0 · Cited by 857 · cited 1×
“Thayer, Friedman, and Borkovec (1996) showed that exposure to experimental worry conditions was associated with shorter cardiac interbeat intervals and lower high-frequency spectral power, indicative of diminished heart rate variability (HRV).”
BackgroundFrasure-Smith, N., & Lespérance, F. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.4 · Cited by 571
Grant, B. F., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Huang, B., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Saha, T. D., Smith, S. M., Pulay, A. J., Pickering, R. P., et al. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.41 · Cited by 571
Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease in men.
Kawachi, I. I., Colditz, G. A., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (1994) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.89.5.1992 · Cited by 563
Brosschot, J. F., Van Dijk, E., & Thayer, J. F. (2007) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.07.016 · Cited by 474
Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., Clara, I., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20072 · Cited by 389
Is Worrying Bad for Your Heart?
Kubzansky, L. D., Kawachi, I. I., Spiro, A., Weiss, S. T., Vokonas, P., & Sparrow, D. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.4.818 · Cited by 376
Mental disorders among persons with heart disease — results from World Mental Health surveys
Ormel, J., Korff, M. V., Burger, H., Scott, K. M., Demyttenaere, K., Huang, Y., Posada-Villa, J., Lepine, J. P., Angermeyer, M. C., Levinson, D., et al. (2007) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.03.009 · Cited by 360
(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 332
Generalized worry disorder: a review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-V
Andrews, G., Hobbs, M. J., Borkovec, T. D., Beesdo, K., Craske, M. G., Heimberg, R. G., Rapee, R. M., Ruscio, A. M., & Stanley, M. A. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20658 · Cited by 273 · cited 4×
“Email: phillip.tully@adelaide.edu.au Psychology, Health & Medicine, 2013 Vol. 18, No. 6, 627–644, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2012.749355 2013 Taylor & Francis and scholars debate whether these do form separate disorders (Andrews et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychosocial Predictors of Hypertension in Men and Women
Levenstein, S., Smith, M., & Kaplan, G. A. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.10.1341 · Cited by 246
Holman, E. A., Silver, R. C., Poulin, M., Andersen, J., Gil-Rivas, V., & McIntosh, D. N. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.6 · Cited by 233
Baumeister, H., Hutter, N., & Bengel, J. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008012.pub3 · Cited by 228
Martens, E., de Jonge, P., Na, B., Cohen, B., Lett, H., & Whooley, M. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.74 · Cited by 228
Hoehn-Saric, R., McLeod, D. R., Funderburk, F., & Kowalski, P. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.913 · Cited by 217
Cardiovascular disease in persons with depressive and anxiety disorders
Vogelzangs, N., Seldenrijk, A., Beekman, A. T. F., van Hout, H. P. J., de Jonge, P., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.112 · Cited by 197
Worry and problem solving: Evidence of a specific relationship
Dugas, M. J., Letarte, H., Rhéaume, J., Freeston, M. H., & Ladouceur, R. (1995) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02229679 · Cited by 195
Baumeister, H., Hutter, N., Bengel, J., & Härter, M. (2011) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000323404 · Cited by 195
Cardiac effects of momentary assessed worry episodes and stressful events.
Pieper, S., Brosschot, J. F., van der Leeden, R., & Thayer, J. F. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31815a9230 · Cited by 182
Phillips, A. C., Batty, G. D., Galé, C. R., Deary, I. J., Osborn, D., Macintyre, K., & Carroll, D. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31819e6706 · Cited by 171
Haworth, J., Moniz-Cook, E. D., Clark, A. L., Wang, M., Waddington, R., & Cleland, J. G. F. (2005) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.03.001 · Cited by 162
Vogt, T. M., Pope, C., Mullooly, J. P., & Hollis, J. F. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.2.227 · Cited by 162
Bankier, B., Januzzi, J. L., & Littman, A. B. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000138126.90551.62 · Cited by 146
Rothenhäusler, H., Grieser, B., Nollert, G., Reichart, B., Schelling, G., & Kapfhammer, H. (2005) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.09.001 · Cited by 144
Scherrer, J. F., Chrusciel, T., Zeringue, A., Garfield, L. D., Hauptman, P. J., Lustman, P. J., Freedland, K. E., Carney, R. M., Bucholz, K. K., Owen, R. R., et al. (2010) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.02.033 · Cited by 141
Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders in Men and Women With Established Coronary Heart Disease
Todaro, J. F., Shen, B., Raffa, S. D., Tilkemeier, P. L., & NIAURA, R. S. (2007) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/01.hcr.0000265036.24157.e7 · Cited by 133
Mental disorders and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States
Goodwin, R. D., Davidson, K. W., & Keyes, K. M. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.05.006 · Cited by 126
Startle response in Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Ray, W. J., Molnar, C., Aikins, D., Yamasaki, A., Newman, M. G., Castonguay, L., & Borkovec, T. D. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20479 · Cited by 117
Barger, S. D., & Sydeman, S. J. (2005) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.012 · Cited by 117
Prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorders in primary care outpatients
Sherbourne, C. D. (1996) · Archives of Family Medicine · doi:10.1001/archfami.5.1.27 · Cited by 115
Prevalence of distress, comorbid conditions and well being in the general population
Wiltink, J., Beutel, M. E., Till, Y., Ojeda, F., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T. F., Blankenberg, S., & Michal, M. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.041 · Cited by 108
Lee, T. J., Cameron, L. D., Wünsche, B. C., & Stevens, C. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910710x511709 · Cited by 104
Bankier, B., Barajas, J., Martinez-Rumayor, A., & Januzzi, J. L. (2008) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn326 · Cited by 102
Carroll, D., Phillips, A. C., Galé, C. R., & Batty, G. D. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181c4fca1 · Cited by 101
Racial Differences in Blood Pressure Control: Potential Explanatory Factors
Bosworth, H. B., Powers, B. J., Grubber, J. M., Thorpe, C. T., Olsen, M. K., Orr, M., & Oddone, E. Ž. (2008) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0547-7 · Cited by 94
Tully, P. J., & Cosh, S. M. (2013) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105312467390 · Cited by 80
Self-citationPsychiatric disorders in medical outpatients complaining of palpitations
Barsky, A. J., Cleary, P. D., Coeytaux, R. R., & Ruskin, J. N. (1994) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02599176 · Cited by 73
Tully, P. J., Pedersen, S. S., Winefield, H. R., Baker, R. A., Turnbull, D. A., & Denollet, J. (2011) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2011.553960 · Cited by 68
Self-citationSevinçok, L., Büyüköztürk, A. K., & Dereboy, F. (2001) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370104600110 · Cited by 66
Parker, G., Hyett, M. P., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Brotchie, H., & Walsh, W. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.018 · Cited by 65
Effects of explicit and implicit perseverative cognition on cardiac recovery after cognitive stress
Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., de Beurs, D. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.003 · Cited by 62
Cardiovascular Disease and Psychiatric Comorbidity: The Potential Role of Perseverative Cognition
Larsen, B. A., & Christenfeld, N. J. S. (2009) · Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1155/2009/791017 · Cited by 61
Generalized anxiety disorder publications: where do we stand a decade later?
Dugas, M. J., Anderson, K. G., Deschênes, S., & Donegan, E. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.012 · Cited by 59
Cardiovascular activity during laboratory tasks in women with high and low worry
Knepp, M. M., & Friedman, B. H. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.07.002 · Cited by 50
Psychophysiological correlates of generalized anxiety disorder with or without comorbid depression
Hofmann, S. G., Schulz, S. M., Heering, S., Muench, F. J., & Bufka, L. F. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.12.016 · Cited by 49
Mental disorders and general well-being in cardiology outpatients—6-year survival
Birket‐Smith, M., Hansen, B. H., Hanash, J. A., Hansen, J. F., & Rasmussen, A. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.01.003 · Cited by 47
Vagal influence during worry and cognitive challenge
Hammel, J. C., Smitherman, T. A., McGlynn, F. D., Mulfinger, A. M. M., Lazarte, A. A., & Gothard, K. D. (2010) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.490912 · Cited by 46
Fedoroff, J. P., Lipsey, J. R., STARKSTEIN, S. E., Forrester, A. W., Price, T. R., & Robinson, R. G. (1991) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(91)90088-a · Cited by 43
Logue, M. B., Thomas, A. M., Barbee, J. G., Hoehn‐Saric, R., Maddock, R. J., Schwab, J. J., Smith, R. D., Sullivan, M. D., & Beitman, B. D. (1993) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(93)90049-8 · Cited by 39
Kuczmierczyk, A. R., Barbee, J. G., Bologna, N. B., & Townsend, M. H. (1996) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379604100712 · Cited by 38
Fráguas, R., Ramadam, Z. B. A., Miyazato, A. N. E. P., & Wajngarten, M. (2000) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(00)00094-3 · Cited by 36
Hamer, M., Batty, G. D., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2011) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/1741826711426092 · Cited by 35
Chest Pain in Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Carter, C. S., & Maddock, R. J. (1992) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/rgc5-pjk2-7tg5-kl1b · Cited by 35
Profile of the Well-Controlled, Well-Adjusted Hypertensive Patient
Powers, M. J., & Jalowiec, A. (1987) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-198703000-00007 · Cited by 28
Worry Regarding Major Diseases Among Older African-American, Native-American, and Caucasian Women
Wilcox, S., Ainsworth, B. E., LaMonte, M. J., & DuBose, K. D. (2002) · Women & Health · doi:10.1300/j013v36n03_06 · Cited by 28
Race, heart disease worry and health protective behavior
Ransford, H. E. (1986) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(86)90099-7 · Cited by 25
Correlates of generalized anxiety disorder: independent of co-morbidity with depression
Muhsen, K., Lipsitz, J. D., Garty-Sandalon, N., Gross, R., & Green, M. S. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0379-0 · Cited by 24
Valkamo, M., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Hintikka, J., NISKANEN, L. K., Honkalampi, K. M., & Viinamäki, H. T. (2003) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026127232157 · Cited by 17
Anxiety Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease Determinants in a Population Sample
(2007) · The Internet Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.5580/21a2 · Cited by 6
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anxiety Disorders are Associated with Reduced Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis
Chalmers, J. A., Quintana, D. S., Abbott, M. J.-A., & Kemp, A. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080 · Cited by 1,067
“Chronic reductions in resting-state HRV appear to be associated with worry (24–27) and pathological worry has been implicated in the development of CVD and CVD risk factors, where HRV is one mechanism of cardiopathogenesis (28).”
BackgroundThe intriguing relationship between coronary heart disease and mental disorders
Binder, M. D., Detraux, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2018) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2018.20.1/mdehert · Cited by 506
Physiological concomitants of perseverative cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ottaviani, C., Thayer, J. F., Verkuil, B., Lonigro, A., Medea, B., Couyoumdjian, A., & Brosschot, J. F. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000036 · Cited by 476
Anxiety as a Predictor for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Gulpers, B., Ramakers, I., Hamel, R., Köhler, S., Oude Voshaar, R., & Verhey, F. (2016) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.05.015 · Cited by 409
Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity
Gerritsen, R. J. S., & Band, G. P. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00397 · Cited by 342
Metadata
- Authors
- Tully, P. J., Cosh, S. M., & Baune, B. T.
- Affiliations
- Flinders University (AU)
- ,
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Tully, Phillip J.
- Venue
- Psychology, Health & Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-01-16
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 627-644
- ISSN
- 1354-8506 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3966
- OpenAlex
- W2063250478
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 10.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology Health & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- worry, generalized anxiety disorder, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular health, heart rate variability, blood pressure, hypertension, cardiovascular risk factors, behavioral pathways, prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Blood Pressure, Coronary Disease, Depression, Heart Rate, Humans, Hypertension, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
